Reporting Practices & Ethics Essay

Financial management can be defined as both an art and a science of organizing the financial resources of an organization in such a way as to achieve maximum output from the finances that are available to the organization. (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2004). Financial management is one of the key aspects that each organization including healthcare facilities need to put more emphasis on to increase efficiency. The four elements of financial management There are four fundamental elements that guide the art of financial management (Baker & Powell, 2005) these include: i) Financial accounting and reporting This element of financial management enables both the financial managers and the general managers to be able to undertake the legal reporting responsibilities by providing the information and data that can be scrutinized. ii) Financial Analysis It is an indicator of the performance of an institution or a company. It can be used to expose potential shortcomings or any weaknesses which the management should put more focus on to be able to meet both short and long term goals of the institution. iii) Financial planning & Budgeting The first two elements of financial management i. e. financial accounting and reporting and financial reporting, lead to the third element which is financial planning and budgeting. The financial plans and budgets are prepared from the first two tools and will help to guide the company or institution in both the short run and the long run (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2004). This is an important financial tool that can help to identify any shortfalls or deficits in the internal funds in an institution and thus point to the need for external funding such as debt or equity financing. iv) Financial Activities These are the activities which a company can explore to be able to make up for any deficit in the internal budget. These sources of financing could include: retained earnings, contributions from donors and governments, equity and debt financing and leases or concessions. Generally acceptable accounting Principles There are several principles that can be considered as acceptable in financial management and these include: i) Consistency-this means that across all time periods, all information that is gathered and presented should be the same. It holds that a company/institution cannot for example change the way in which they do their inventory without a valid reason for the change being included in the financial statements. ii) Relevance-this stands for the appropriateness of the information that is contained in the financial statements presented. These statements should be able to help one to predict the future financial state of the company or institution. Reliability-an independent party should be able to verify the information that is presented in the financial statements. The institution must be sure that an independent auditor would come up with the same findings if they were to carry out the same analysis (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2004). This is a great way for the company or institution to prove that it is transparent and can be trusted. iv) Comparability- this means an institution’s financial statements can relate with similar businesses within the same industry. This enables investors to note the differences within an industry to compare the performance of a company in relation to others in the industry. These generally acceptable principles ensure that all the companies are on the same level playing grounds. General Financial Ethical Standards The ethical standards that should be closely observed in financial management include: i) Conflict of Interest It occurs as a result of a clash of the private interests of an individual with the interests of the company. As a result of these actions one is unable to effectively carry out the duties due to him/her in the organization. This can also be as a result of an individual or a member of his/her family receiving personal benefits in an improper way due to the position they hold in the organization (De Boers etal, 2007). Another case that can bring about a conflict of interest is when one at the time of working for a company has associations with a competitor. Thus all staff of a company should report to the executive officers any transaction that is likely to bring about any conflict of interest. ii) Corporate opportunities This deals with the fact that one should always help the company to advance its interests first wherever possible and there should be no use of corporate property or information for improper personal gain. Employees are also prohibited from competing with the company or organization either directly or indirectly. This ensures that the institution always gets top priority from its employees and at such improves business practices. iii) Compliance and Reporting All the employees of financial institutions should make it top priority to identify any potential problematic issues. They should also seek for help whenever they have doubts about the codes of conduct in the financial institution (De Boers etal, 2007). Any violation of this should lead to subsequent disciplinary action. This standard is important as it helps the institution to identify any potential problem way before they occur if all the employees observe this standard keenly. iv) Public Disclosure The information in the public domains should not only be fair and accurate, but also timely and understandable and should include the interest of all the key stakeholders in the institution. Information should not be knowingly misinterpreted or omitted or be presented in such a way as to cause others to do the same. This standard helps the institution to win the confidence of the public and more so the shareholders as it displays that their operations are transparent. v) Fair Dealing Each employee in the institution should strive to be fair in their dealings with all the involved parties and especially the clients, suppliers and service providers as well as employees and competitors alike. This helps the institution to gain goodwill of all the people the deal with and it helps to build the reputation of the institution (Baker & Powell, 2005). Reporting Illegal and Unethical Behavior It is the duty of all employees to report any one that is deemed to be going against these ethical standards. This reporting can either be internal or external and it should be treated with utmost confidentiality. References Brigham, E. & Ehrhardt, C. (2004). Financial Management: Theory and Practice. Boston Massachusetts: South Western College Publishing. De Boers, P. , Ruud, B. , & Wim, K. (2007). The Basics of Financial Management: An introductory course in finance, management accounting and financial accounting. New York : Routledge Publishers. Baker, K . ,& Powell ,G. (2005). Understanding Financial Management: A Practical Guide. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Copyright and whether it has been infringed?

In order to be able to settle the question whether or not there has been copyright infringement, the two underlying principles to guide us is the applicable law and infringement. The submissions by both parties to the dispute were drawn from the federal laws and a clear jurisdiction is provided for under the 1976 Copyright Act. Further, the submissions by the parties were clearly on cases that are from the federal courts and hence jurisdiction is not a debatable issue. The other issue is on the question of infringement.As previously indicated, the infringement arises when the copyright registered is used by somebody else who purports to be the owner of that work. In this issue, the plaintiff did not have his work registered, however, it is not a disputed fact that the works belonged to the plaintiff and therefore not an issue. The question that suffices in this case is the similarity of expression. The intention of the Copyright act is to protect the author’s expression of ide a and not the idea itself.In the present case the plaintiff had brought to the defendant the work which the defendant was to look into and decide whether it was a good idea or not, however, the defendant went on to pass the works to another third party who turned to be his agent to confirm the work and instead stole his ideas and a document was produced to that effect. The intention of the doctrine is to protect the authors’ expression. In order to settle this question the court looks at the nature of expression is it expressed in myriad ways or in narrow ways?In the above case, the expression is expressed in narrow form and therefore there is similarity of expression from the document which was produced by the third party, who was in concert with the defendant herein, it is therefore correct to submit that there was infringement by the defendant. Whether or not there is an implied contract of fact? The issue of whether or not that there existed a contract is one which cannot go ignored. The rule of thumb is that all contracts must be in writing. However, the case before us is that, there is no written contract between the parties and therefore the issue of implied contract of fact arises.Whether or not there is an implied contract of fact, the test will be applied to the intentions and conduct of the parties. A contract implied in fact will construct the whole agreement, further it is a contract that is created when a party tacitly accepts benefit at a time it was able to reject it. In the present case, it is the finding of the court and fact that the plaintiff had given the defendant manuscript and that they would use it for the purpose which was intended and should they do otherwise then the plaintiff should have go consideration.In arriving to this conclusion the court looks at the intention and the conduct of both parties at the time of making of the contact. It is clear from the conduct of the defendant especially from the second request for the m anuscript that there was intention to create an implied contract of fact. For the court to arrive at the conclusion that indeed the defendant was in breach is in order and therefore the plaintiff should be awarded the remedies that follow suit as a result of the defendant breaching the contract.Under the California laws which the plaintiff had pleaded under, the courts can enforce for remedies. Whether or not the affecting issues will affect the judgment of the court? There are other issues that directly and indirectly affect the outcome of the case this include; †¢ Exclusion of hearsay Evidence †¢ Denial of Motion to amend †¢ Finding of fact †¢ Statute limitations †¢ Attorneys fees It is trite law that the hearsay evidence will not be admitted on record save that it meets the exception rule. The issue in this case is whether or not in the trial courts’ finding the exclusion was in order.In the circumstances, the exclusion was in order since the evide nce which the parties had purported to bring before the court was adduced by a third party and clearly could not and hearsay hence did not fall within the exception rules. Motion to amend can be given if certain legal principles and threshold are met with the party seeking to rely on it. The underlying guideline is that, the Motion to amend can be given and if it does not seek to prejudice the other party. In the foregoing circumstance, a motion to amend was brought 19 months from the time the matter was filed in court and viewed with suspicion.The only conclusion that was arrived by the courts is that it was brought with the aim of forestalling the wheels of justice and it was proper for the court to deny the same. The burden of proof shifts to the person who alleges, in the foregoing circumstances if the plaintiff made allegations and did support using evidence which they did, then it can be held as the true fact. In presenting their evidence, the plaintiff did support his evidenc e and was not shaken by the defense and therefore the court is correct to find their position as the truth. The issue of limitations goes to back when the cause of action arose.It is the defendants’ submission that it is time barred under the California laws. The courts are guided from when the action arose in this case after the defendant failed to make good the payment and which was within time when the defendant was filling this suit which is now a condition precedent. The general principle is that the losing party should pay the costs. In this case, the defendant lost the case and further, it is our submission that the case was brought under the federal laws copyright Act of 1976 that the party guilty should pay the advocates costs.In conclusion, therefore it is my humble submission that the plaintiff has fulfilled the required threshold on matter of balance of probability and hence attained the chance of success. Works cited Lessick, Susan,† Copyright ownershipâ₠¬  UC Copyright. Feb 27, 2003 Nov 22, 2008 â€Å"Implied-in-fact Contract†, Business Dictionary, Ed 2007-2008 Massey, Calvin R,† The California State Constitution A reference guide† published 1879

Benefits and challenges of labour migration

Migration of people to other countries in search of employment has occurred all through history and it is by no means a new phenomenon. For many of migration workers, migration is a real lifeline, but all too often, they still face exploitation and abuse. Forced labour, low pay, bad working conditions, virtually no social protection, and denial of freedom of association and trade union rights, discrimination, xenophobia and social exclusion – these are just some of the woes that rob migrants of the benefits they could have gained from working abroad. The countries in question can be classified according to their status as sending or receiving country in correspondence to their level of social and economic development. Workers move between them, cascading from poorer to richer countries. In each of the countries, they mainly take jobs in labour-intensive sectors with low skill requirements and low pay. These are most of all construction, agriculture, hotel and catering as well as domestic services. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Migrants defines a migrant worker as a â€Å"person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a resident†. But there is considerable conceptual difficulty in defining a migrant. Migration of labourer takes different forms. In one end, the place of working and residence of the labourer may be different, and the distance covered by daily commuting. At the other end, the worker’s may move permanently from their places of birth or usual place of residence, maintaining little or no contact with their places of origin. Between these two ends, people move away for differing periods of time. Based on how long they are away from their place of origin, the migrants are distinguished as ‘permanent’, ‘semi-permanent’ and ‘temporary’. Labour migration belongs to temporary migration, which is likely to stay away from their places of origin for more than a few months in a year. The temporary migrants are also known as ‘short duration’ migrants, ‘seasonal’ migrants or ‘circulatory’ migrants. The decision to migrate for economic reasons can have both positive and negative consequences. Migrants may secure a better income, have access to better social services, and be able to provide a better education for their children or benefit from the enrichment of becoming a member of a transnational community at ease in different cultures. However, migration may also cause family disruption when family members have to stay behind, and may involve sacrificing a familiar lifestyle and becoming a â€Å"stranger† in a new country. The complexity of the present day migration stream has intensified with distinctions between migrant workers, trainees, tourists, refugees and displaced persons becoming increasingly blurred. The term â€Å"migrants† appears to be broader than the term ‘migrant workers' and is increasingly used in international discussions of human rights. The traditional explanation of migration as a movement from poor to rich nations is too simplified. There are both economic and non-economic factors affecting these flows. International migration has contributed to growth and prosperity in both host and source countries. Migrant worker remittances represent the second largest international monetary trade flow, exceeded only by petroleum. Migrants also provide a valuable source of semi-skilled and unskilled labour to many industrialising countries and provide a source of highly skilled labour to advanced countries, thereby assisting the latter in maintaining economic competitiveness. Labour migration policies differ from other migration policies directed at migration flows that may also have an impact on labour markets, for example refugee and family reunification, in the sense that they do not have humanitarian objectives but apply economic criteria with a view to responding to labour market needs. Governments at all points on the migration spectrum increasingly recognize the potential of regulatory mechanisms to maximize the positive impact of labour migration. Many sending and receiving countries are developing their regulatory capacities to manage labour mobility by considering the interests of respective governments, societies, and the migrant. Positive tensions for receiving countries: raise total output and incomes in the rich, host countries; increase efficiency in the use of the world’s resources all around, in rich and poor countries; increase the supply of entrepreneurship and stimulate the creation of small business; increase savings, investment, and human capital formation in the rich countries; accelerate the pace of innovation; increase the flow of remittances to poor countries; alleviate the economic problems associated with the aging population in rich countries. Globalization is a major driving force of international labour migration. Globalization has made migration much easier through better communications, dissemination of information through mass media and improved transport. Countries are at different stages of demographic transition, with developing countries typically having younger populations than developed countries. One of the most frequently cited costs of migration is so-called ‘brain drain’ — the loss of educated workers with valuable skills, which can impose large losses on governments that bear the costs of education and training. Brain drain is potentially a concern for all economies, both developing and developed, with some developed economies experiencing significant rates of skilled emigration. The greatest global concern in the area of international labour migration is the unprecedented rise in irregular forms of migration that has occurred in recent years. The numbers of unauthorized migrant workers are increasing in virtually every part of the world. A large proportion of labour migration occurs illegally, aided and abetted by a clandestine and often criminal industry. Increasingly, governments of both sending and receiving countries are developing regulatory mechanisms to manage labour migration. These include selective recruitment policies by countries needing labour, and strong marketing and overseas employment strategies by countries supplying labour. Migrant workers benefit host countries in a number of ways. The overall economic impact of all migrant workers to the UK for example suggests that they make a positive net contribution of around  £2.5 billion to the public accounts. There are huge implications for sending countries as a result of out-migration, the most crucial of which are the loss of expertise and skills. This brain drain is particularly acute in developing countries, especially where the move abroad is permanent. Public services, such as health, education and social services, are losing large numbers of skilled workers to migration. Structural changes and decreasing investment in the public sector has increased the pressure on public sector workers to migrate, as shown by trends in the health and education sectors. Although many economic migrants work in relatively low-paid jobs they regularly send money home to their families and relatives. However, it is difficult to estimate the scale of these remittances to sending countries because of the often informal manner in which they are returned, but there is little doubt that they contribute to the national income of the countries involved, and act as a stimulus to longer-term economic growth. Migrant workers who return home bring experience and knowledge from working in another country. This benefits the home country as a whole by adding to its pool of talented workers, particularly where the skills are relevant to the needs of the home economy and the migrant workers are willing to use them upon return. It also benefits the individual worker who will have developed through contact with people possessing a range of human, intellectual and professional skills. Access to educational and language courses in the host country should open up opportunities for career promotion at home and assist the personal development of each worker. Bibliography International Organisation for Migration. 2005. World Migration 2005. Costs and Benefits of International Migration. Kothari, U. (2002). Migration and chronic poverty. Chronic Poverty Research Centre. Institute for Development Policy and Management. University of Manchester. Working Paper No. 16. Linard, Andre. (1998). Migration and globalization: The new slaves. Brussels: ICFTU, July. Stalker, Peter. (2000). Workers without frontiers: The impact of globalization on international migration. International Labour Office, Geneva. World Economic and Social Survey. (2004). International migration trends Chapter11. World Health Organisation. Health and Human Rights Publications Series. Issue No.4 (December 2003). International Migration, Health and Human Rights.   

Differences among Bank of Canada, the Bank of England, and the Bank of Essay

Differences among Bank of Canada, the Bank of England, and the Bank of Japan - Essay Example In 1694, the bank operated from its foundation, and it was privately owned. However, the bank has since become independent becoming a public organization. The Treasury Solicitor owns the bank on behalf of the Government. In addition, the Treasury Solicitor has independence in monetary policy (Yasin, 2013). The bank of Japan, BOJ had its reorganization after the post-war time in 1942. The bank was independent and operated independently. The BOJ had its own monetary and controlled its credits. The bank had considerable independence that lead to losing of its accountability leading to promulgation of the Japan law. The BOJ controlled the monetary and currency, which controlled the economy. The government maintains a close relationship with the bank. The government helps the bank in managing the currency and monetary aspects of the bank (Yasin, 2013). The main difference among the three banks is the ownership and control of the banks. The Canada Minister of Finance owns the bank of Canada. He owns the bank behalf of Her Majesty in right. The Treasury Solicitor on behalf of the Government owns the Bank of England. The Bank of Japan is independently owned, and the government maintains a close relationship to help the bank in its currency and monetary aspect (Yasin,

Performance and compensation management-Annotated bibliography Essay

Performance and compensation management-Annotated bibliography - Essay Example Although appraisals are usually performed at the level of an individual employee, there is still scope â€Å"for employee voice/participation, both individually and collectively, and for varying degrees of management – union cooperation†. The New South Wales public education system case study leads to surprising findings. Despite the collective clout of the two thousand strong public school teacher union – the NSW Department of Education and Training – their history shows minimal confrontation with management. The study suggests that there is an acceptance of the merits of individualism over collectivism – a fact attested by the union’s acceptance of an individualized performance appraisal system that has been in place in the last decade. But this pragmatic concession on part of union has not diminished its power and potential for collective action in other areas. This article takes up an often neglected area of HRM research, namely that of a public school system. While government run institutions are usually seen as less merit-based, the successful implementation of an individualized performance appraisal programs in NSW questions this assumption. It proves how meritocracy can co-exist alongside political quotas for recruiting personnel (as in affirmative action programs in the United States). Fang Lee Cooke & Kun Huang, Post-acquisition Evolution of the Appraisal and Reward Systems: A Study of Chinese IT Firms Acquired by US Firms, Human Resources Management, November-December 2011, Vol.50, No.6, p.839-858 The article studies how performance appraisal and reward systems change for an IT firm after they have been acquired. In the case of the four Chinese IT firms being acquired by the larger US firms, the influencing factors were found to be â€Å"business strategy, organizational structure, resource-based power of the acquiring and acquired partners, management competence, labor market factors and the cultural norms of China†. The researchers find definite though not drastic changes to the performance appraisal programs before and after acquisition. One of the major obstacles to streamlining change is the reluctance of Chinese managerial staff to accept these changes. The acquirers have allowed more time for their Chinese managers to adapt to the new realities. As a result there is a divide in terms of HRM

Environmental engineering report- flocculation Assignment

Environmental engineering report- flocculation - Assignment Example Proper designing, construction, and minimizing mechanisms are essential for protecting the environment and thus, the process of flocculation is regarded as a significant environment engineering techniques that helps to provide purified water. Thus, the report postulates that the flocculation technology is one of the superior environmental engineering processes to reduce the perilous and harmful substances that are generally present in the water, but the chance of errors remain in the process due to utilization ineffective chemicals. Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering technology in order to respond to the challenges imposed to the environment. Besides, with the growing population, the extensive land-uses, modernization of technology, increasing operational activities and other factors has led to a significant threat to the environment. However, through this growing concern various environmental engineers are engaged in the activities to develop and provide most noteworthy and technical solutions in order to effectively deal and resolve the environmental problem and issues through the optimum utilization of necessary resources. The main object of the environmental engineering is to improve the condition of the natural environment through providing healthy air, water and land supporting the human habitation as well as a prospering ecosystem. In this regards the flocculation is an indigenous engineering mechanism to treat the wastewater. This mechanism is used to neutralize as w ell as aggregate the various ‘colloidal particles’ that are present in the water. Moreover, this mechanism is utilized to reduce the hazardous substances, color, phosphorous, organic substances, and metal traces including iron, chromium and manganese present in the water. Moreover, due the significant characteristics of colloidal suspension present in the water, it is difficult to separate through the conventional

Government and Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Government and Market - Essay Example Infrastructure is a very vital cog of any country, and hence takes a supremely significant position in the government's perception. Now, Rostow, who was a specialist in this field has made note and brought to light the fact that the inability of the governments to create infrastructure was one of the major road blocks that were faced during the process of modernization in Europe during the 19th century. In his argument, he says that the "creation of preconditions for take-off was largely a matter of building social overhead capital". This comes in line with the generally accepted argument that the cost of infrastructure or the social overhead capital compliments the industrial production process as this facilitates the transfer of goods, which leads to the creation of mobilization of markets on a national and international level. Haber, another esteemed expert in this field, has further developed the importance of infrastructural support in his arguments based on the case study of Me xico. Here, he offers the opinion that Mexico was unable to solve the problem of surplus capacity which it was facing in the 1980s by exporting goods to different countries around the world. All of this, he attributes to the lack of infrastructural support that was present in the country at that point in time. He cites Avisador Comercial de Havana which attributes this problem related to the exorbitant costs of transportation: "How, then, can merchandise be shipped to the coast at an advantageous price How can they [Mexican manufacturers] compete in foreign marketsif within their own borders they have incredibly high freight rates" [1] [5] In recent times, economic analysts have argued that the major difference between the growth differentials of different countries is infrastructure as highlighted by the case on India and China. Due to the importance infrastructure plays in the workings of a country and its non-excludable and unrivalled nature has further substantiated the claim for the need of governmental intervention to facilitate and hasten industrial growth in the country. On face value, one can see that this notion is somewhat not contestable in nature in that not many can refute the claim that has been put forward; however, some economists have also offered the notion of a private sector backed infrastructural growth. This notion certainly has immense promise in theory as this would basically remove the role of the government from this entire workup and would subsequently move the entire mechanisms onto a free market which would be highly appreciated in light of the concept at hand. However, that certainly doe s not appear to be a distinct possibility at the current point in time which is why infrastructural support has been ascribed to governments to this day and age. The rationale behind this is suggestions like the one offered are more likely to fail in the developing countries as private sector led infrastructural growth needs immensely advanced institutional or technological support in order to create and sustain excludable and rivaling properties. Due to this, infrastructure would remain severely under protected as well as remain under produced which would be due to the large number of externalities that cannot

Revisions to Data Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Revisions to Data Analysis - Case Study Example The technologist forum comprised of mostly computer engineers that I work with, and most dimensions came from followers and fiends on Twitter and Facebook. Further, the results showed more skewedness towards males with college degrees who are computer savvy due to the nature and the participants of the survey. The positive fact concerning my respondents was that they were not from majorly one age bracket or residential area. Since the research question involves the addictive character of users of social media, it was relevant to use Facebook and Twitter specifically because they are the most visited and popular social networks in recent times. No any other social media sites were included in the survey as the main concern revolved around the habitual logging in of Facebook and Twitter. The imaginative idea of evaluating the behaviors of solely the youthful users of social media appeared to be insufficient to give a final conclusion of the consequences of media addiction in recent times (Zemmels 8). To be more specific, the survey/ research carried out was not to be assumed basing on mentalities and stereotypes of the society, rather, a true reflection of the participants’ responses were highly relied on. No result of a particular age group, gender, or occupation was used as a reflection of the corresponding group; the results were uniquely observed and analyzed. To make the results more realistic I had to open up my mind and integrate some few considerations into the study. First, the questionnaires were framed in such a manner that they could make it easier to find out the reasons for accessing social media and why the much time spent there. Also asked were the preferences of the respondents for online communication as compared to face-to-face relations. An investigation of the relations between levels of sociability and the total time spend on social media was a

Data mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data mining - Essay Example t generally apply: every application must deliver benefits to the users; users must feel comfortable with the way in which the system manipulates and presents information. Data mining is based on statistical analysis and modeling techniques, Data mining becomes a strategic weapon of organizations because it increases significantly the volume of information that can be stored and the ease with which it can be updated. This enables new services to be provided in a way that was not economically feasible before. The three main steps in data mining are discovering, predicting modeling and forensic analysis. â€Å"Discovery is the process of looking in a database to find hidden patterns without a predetermined idea or hypothesis about what the patterns may be† (Pushpa 2007, p.1). Discovery consists of three subcategories: conditional logic, affinities and associations, trends and associations. â€Å"In predictive modeling patterns discovered from the database are used to predict the future.† (Pushpa 2007, p. 2). Predicting modeling involves outcomes prediction and forecasting. Most of the data mining applications used by an organization consist of simply taking information in one form, performing some very simpl e transformations to that information (rarely more than aggregation and the usual arithmetical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and then presenting the processed information in another form. Thus, forensic analysis allows both deviation detection and link analysis. It is defined as: †the process of applying the extracted patterns to find anomalous or unusual data elements† (Pushpa 2007, p.2).The underlying architecture of data warehousing that an organization needs to best perform these tasks is obvious. There must be some form of flexible, central data store containing all the information and data that are going to be manipulated, fed by a variety of information-gathering processes. The main data mining techniques are

A mini essay regarding sexuality, and sexualized violence and sexual

A mini regarding sexuality, and sexualized violence and sexual assault - Essay Example In addition, about 99 percent of the convicted rapists are males (RAINN, 2010). Prevalence of rape in different countries varies, where some report higher rates than others do. Sweden for instance has one of the highest reported incidents of rape in developed countries and in the globe. Various factors account to this disparity in incidents of rape. These include inconsistencies in definition of rape, underreporting and ignorance (Meyer, 2006). Different societies define rape in various contexts causing disparities in reported incidents. In some societies, it is acceptable for a man to have sex with a woman irrespective of her consent. In such situations, the channels for reporting such cases are virtually non-existent and victims are left with no option of seeking legal redress. Moreover, the society focuses more on male – female rape, overlooking other types such as male-male, female- male , and female –female sexual abuse (Malamuth, 1986). In societies with low literacy levels, many crimes including rape go unreported because of strong cultural or traditional values that prevent victims from reporting due to fear. Hence, in conservative, third world and developing nations the incidents of rape could be higher than reported data because of ignorance , underreporting and other factors. Similarly, developed countries report high incidents of rape because victims are more informed about their rights and there are competent and broad legal definitions of the crime. Sexual violence is caused by various factors as explained by many theories to explain the phenomena. Meyer(2006) classified these into two categories, namely offender based factors and societal influence Offender based factors include biological make up of an individual such as high levels of hormones that increases aggression, including testosterone and serotonin, abusing drugs such as alcohol, in addition to sex and power motives. Societal influence includes

Anesthesia and Awake Craniotomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Anesthesia and Awake Craniotomy - Essay Example Such recording is termed electrocorticography (ECoG). The use of ECoG allows a "topographical map" to be made of the brain. This map shows the locations of primary and secondary epileptogenic discharges, as well as the route and extent of the spread of such electrical activity. [3, 4, 5 and 6] At our institution, patients undergoing craniotomy while awake usually have a tumor or epileptic foci removed. Patients who undergo the removal of a tumor close to a motor, speech, or sensory area generally are awake before resection is begun so that neurological function can be tested.[7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12] In these patients, ECoG is not usually performed. However, other physiological monitoring, such as sensory evoked responses (SER) and/or electromyography (EMG), may be used. [13] Patients who undergo removal of an epileptic focus in the brain are also generally awake for neurological function testing. In addition, ECoG is almost always performed. Awake testing includes some or all of the following: immediate and/or delayed memory, association, and/or pattern discrimination of words and/or pictures, and other related tests.[14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19] Awake testing may also include motor movement in response to electrical stimulation, voluntary motor movement, muscle strength, and other related tests. [20] These tests are often complex and subtle, and require that the patient's consciousness not be impaired by anesthetic or other drugs. The other types of monitoring that may be performed include ECoG, SER, and/or EMG. These modalities are all impaired in a dose-related manner by many anesthetic drugs. Clearly, if the aforementioned testing is to be used, the interference of anesthetic drugs is not wanted.[21 and 22] Our approach to anesthetic management for awake craniotomies has evolved over more than 30 years in cooperation with surgeons at our institution internationally known for their work in this area. The approach we use today is an improvement over the one we used decades ago and, no doubt, the approach we will use several decades from now will be different than the one we use today. The follow sections describe our current guidelines. Guidelines for awake craniotomy Goals At each stage of the procedure, our management goals are tailored to the specific needs at that stage. One of the rather alarming aspects of our approach is that even though the patient is anesthetized for parts of the procedure that don't require the patient to be awake, we do not secure the airway with a laryngeal mask airway (LMA), endotracheal tube, or similar device. Thus, one of our goals is careful monitoring of the airway to prevent undetected airway obstruction. A large proportion of the patients undergoing awake craniotomy at our institution have epilepsy that is not controllable with drug therapy. In such patients, seizures may occur during surgery. Thus, a second goal of anesthetic management is prompt treatment of grand mal seizures. The knowledge of being awake and under surgical drapes while their brain is being operated on concerns many patients. Thus, a third goal of anesthet

Napoleon Exiled to Elba Essay Example for Free

Napoleon Exiled to Elba Essay * 1812 Napoleon launches an invasion against the Russians * 1814, Napoleon forces surrendered and he offered to step down in favor of his son * His offer was rejected and he signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, he agreed to abdicate in exchange for which he was given the tiny Kingdom of Ebla, a small island in the Mediterranean Sea * May 3, 1814 Napoleon arrives on the island of Elba   He brought ambitious plans to reform government and a personal escorts of 1000 men, and a household of staff * An island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 20 km off the Tuscan coast * Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill he had carried since a near-capture by Russians on the retreat from Moscow however, its potency had weakened with age, and he survived to be exiled while his wife and son took refuge in Austria * Evening of February 26 , 1815 Napoleon takes advantage of temporary absence of the English custodian, Colonel Campbell * Under the cover of night, he silently slipped away with a from the island and returned to the mainland * He traveled through areas where he knew he had support and about 500,000 volunteers joined him * Escapes with a small army and headed to Paris, proclaimed the renewal of his empire * The French may have found Louis XVIII reasonable, however, they feared the royalists and clergy who were attacking the reforms that had come into effect since 1789 * Also the magic of Napoleon’s name and the glory of his rule been forgotten Battle of Waterloo   Return of Napoleon united the powers at Vienna, and agreed to raise and army under the Duke of Wellington * June 8, 1815 near the town of Waterloo, Belgium the 100 days campaign starts * June 8, 1815 near the town of Waterloo, Belgium 100 days campaign starts * June 18, 1815 Duke of Wellington occupied the ridge of Mont St. Jean (south of Waterloo) and Napoleon was at La Belle Alliance across the valley * Duke of Wellington had inexperienced infantry, cavalry and had 156 cannon and standard gun for infantry * Napoleon built his army on short notice with veterans, peasants and conscripts * The French army under fire from the garrisons at LA Haye Sainte and despite heavy casualties at 11:30am the French launched diversionary attack on Hougoumont * An allied line that hid behind the ridge

Examining God Of War Game Video Games Essay

Examining God Of War Game Video Games Essay God of War is literally based on Greek mythology and focused on protagonist Kratos. It forms part of a saga which is the series of God of War with the vengeance as a central theme. In this game, Kratos should restrict the God of War from destroying the Athens by finding the fabled Pandoras Box. In March 2005, God of War is released for the PlayStation 2 console by Sony Computer Entertainments. God of War is a Third-Person Camera game. In that the player controls the character Kratos in combat combination, puzzle game elements and plat forming. The player needs to navigate Kratos through a long series of tests, mazes and trials to reach goals. Kratos he travels across Greece in an attempt to kill the Ares. In PC and Video games, Third Person is a graphical perspective view from a fixed distance which is slightly above and behind the player character. Through this viewpoint players are allowed to see more strongly characterized avatar. It is most commonly found in action adventure and action games. General Discussion: God of War is again one of such games which made its entry. It is definitely more than just an excellent plat former. It is one of the most violent, disturbing and darkest games. The content and meaning of the game significantly exceeds the immaculately crafted gameplay. History of Greece: Basically, the Greece history is divided into six periods. 1. Accession of Peisistratus at Athens and Croesus in Lydia was from 776 BC to 660 BC 2. Peifflstratus Accession and Croesus to the repulse of Xerxes from Greece 3. Repulse of Xerxes to the close of the Peloponnesian war and overthrow of Athens 4. Close of the Peloponnesian war to the battle of Leuctra 5. Battle of Leuctra to that of Chaeroneia 6. Battle of Chaeroneia to the end of Alexander generation From Peisistratus to the death of Alexander and his generation, the five periods presents the historical drama which was capable of perspicuous succession. Adventures of Sicilian and Italian Greeks were interwoven. Occasionally, Introduced notices of Grecian political constitutions, poetry, oratory and philosophy. The Greece political actions had become degraded, after the generation of Alexander. Mainly the revolutions of Agis and Eleomenes at Sparta are instructive and affecting. Since then the value of Greeks belonged to them as individual preceptors, philosophers, astronomers, mathematicians, literary men and critics, medical practioners, etc. In ancient times of Greece, wars were very common. Greeks used to live in a small cities which has around100, 000 people in each city. Athens, Corinth, Sparta, Thebes used to fight with each other at their borders. Greece used to defend its cities from the invaders. Sometimes the cities within Greece used to fight together and sometimes they fight alone. Even Greece invaded other countries and took over them. The four main wars that occurred in ancient times were Trojan War (about 1250 BC), the Persian Wars (490-480 BC), the Peloponnesian War (441-404 BC) and the campaigns of Alexander the Great (331-323 BC). Later, according to Polybius, Romans took over Greece. Story of God of War Game: Kratos who is known for his brutality was once Spartan armies general. Only the mighty Barbarians finally defeated the Spartans. After a long fight Kratos was entirely defeated and his soldiers were brutally killed and were around his prone body in front of the Barbarian King. Kratos shouted to the heavens, when the Barbarian swung his hammer and pledged his life to Ares. In return he got power to defeat his enemies. At that time Kratos became Ares servant and with the power of Blades of Chaos he defeated the Barbarian King using these new weapons. However, these powers came at a price for Kratos. Being Ares servant he led his army to various victories. By following the Ares blindly he burned and pillaged a village. He murdered everyone within the local temple of Athena. In his rampage, he killed his wife and daughter unknowingly. When the Kratos realized his mistakes, he vowed vengeance on Ares. Ares explained Kratos how he arranged this happen to him, so that he will end up serving him. During the bodies of his wife and daughter were burned, Kratos was cursed by the villages. Later the burned ashes of his wife attached to his skin and made him pale. Since then he was named as Ghost of Spartans . Kratos helped Athena to defeat Ares in the God of War. Finally gods removed his pain and nightmares. Kratos was told about Pandoras Box by Athena which is an ancient artifact that will help Kratos to defeat a God. After entering into the Temple of Pandora, he had come across many challenges. He was killed by Ares after escaping from Hades. Finally, Kratos found the Pandoras Box and acquired its power which allowed him to kill his former master. Later even the gods of Olympus were helpless to erase Kratos memories from his mind as his crimes were so terrible. Despite the Ares death, he continued to get nightmares. He even tried to kill himself but Athena saved and offered him a position in Olympus. Later he armed with Athena s Blades in replacement of Blades of Chaos, which was lost when Ares had died. Later he ruled as a new God of War. Later, he descended to help his army to attack city of Rhodes. An enchanted eagle breathed life into the Colossus of Rhodes, and tried to steal Kratos power. It was Athena according to Kratos belief as he was early instructed not to go along with Sparta. After numerous attempts he drained his powers into sword and defeated Colossus as advised by Zeus. Zeus is the main culprit who was disguised as eagle in order to kill and send him to Hades. Gaia of Titan raised him again and suggested him to rebuild the sword to kill the gods. Later, he traveled to the Island of Fates where he comes across many challenges. Finally, he killed the Sisters of Fate which allowed him to go back in time when he was murdered by Zeus. Later Kratos will come to know that Zeus is his father. They managed to get once Athena died, but Kratos returned to Olympus with Titans by his side to kill the Gods. Game play: Kratos main weapons are Blades of Chaos and secondary weapon is Blade of Artemis. Four different attacks like Zeus Fury, Medusas Gaze, Army of Hades and Poseidons Rage are available. Also, the relic Poseidons is obtained. This allows the Kratos to respire even when submerged. During the final fight with Ares, Kratos uses the Blade of Gods temporarily. Rage of the Gods is a special ability which increases attack damage and temporarily provides invulnerability. When the enemies are killed, it will be recharged. In the game, Gorgon Eyes and Phoenix Feathers are Health and Magic upgrades respectively. Orbs are the other type of chests found in the game which are marked with a corresponding color (green, blue, and red). Green represents health, blue represents magic and red represents experience in tackling. By killing foes and destroying few inanimate objects, red orbs can be collected. It also has a quick-time feature that initiates when the player has become weak. Accordingly the player presses the relative commands that appear on screen. On minor foes, grab man over is available which yields red orbs. The presentation of Greece, depth of the challenges, simple fighting style, and the horrific finishing attacks will give you the best view of the action. The controls allow players to feel powerful, blocks, performing dazzling strikes, grapples and jumps. The sound and environments create the perfect setting for this game. On top of the fun factor, God of War is also a wonderful treat for the senses with its artistic version of ancient Greece. Once in a while every one game comes along that pushes the restrictions, that takes risks and innovates without losing the qualities that make so enjoyable God of War is one of those games. Kratos: In Greek mythology Kratos appears briefly to make impression towards them. He is not a nice guy. He is brother of Nike (Greek goddess of victory), Zeus (Greek god of rivalry) and Bia (Greek goddess of force). Four of them were first amongst Zeus. Though Kratos was god of strength, in modern times his name is probably most familiar as the main character in video game series God of War. Apparently the title God of War refers not to the character Kratos but to the Greek god of war Ares, who plays a role in the plot. Ares: Ares is God of War, son of Hera and Zeus and also the most powerful amongst Olympus gods. He was also an enemy of Athena. His Roman counterpart was Mars. Ares lay siege to her city Athens, out of his utter hatred and jealousy for her. Thousands of Athenians were slaughtered by the monsters that he awoke from Underworld. Zeus: ZEUS was the king of the gods, the god of sky and weather, law, order and fate. People thought of him as living on top of a mountain (Mount Olympus), and when he is angry he throws lightning bolts out of the sky at people. Zeus probably was not worshipped in Greece before the Indo-European Greeks arrived there in the Middle Bronze Age. He is an Indo-European god, and he is basically the same as other Indo-European sky gods like Jupiter (this is really even the same word: Ju= Zeus and piter means father) or Odin. Hes related to Indra, a Hindu sky god, the son of Dyeus Pita. ZEUS (Zeus), the greatest of the Olympian gods, and the father of gods and men, was a son of Cronos and Rhea, a brother of Poseidon, Hades (Pluto), Hestia, Demeter, Hera, and at the same time married to his sister Hera. Weapons: Kratos Weapon: Kratos main weapons in God of War are Blades of Athena. They are the same like Blades of Chaos which Kratos first received. They have the same abilities like Blades of Chaos at the end of God of War. However, in God of War: Betrayal and God of War II their powers of attacking are changed. Athenas Blades give off a yellow aura with Blue-colored Glyphs and are gold in color due to the godly magic emitting from them. Also the colors of weapons changes in different levels. Gods Weapons: The Blade of Gods was a stone and bridge built of metal in a sword shape. Kratos used the bridge as weapon when he becomes gigantic. At the last moment he killed Ares by using the Blades of Chaos forcefully removed from his body during his final battle. God of War Part 1: It was released for PS 2 by Sony Computer Entertainments. It is Third Person Camera game. Created by Ready at Dawn Studios, Santa Monica Studios. In this part, Kratos needs to stop the Ares from destroying the Athens city by finding Pandoras Box. Unlike other games, God of War focused on afterthought simultaneously maintained the action and adventure genre. Definitely, this is one of the best action and adventure games on the PS 2. God of War Part 2: In this part, Kratos, now the God of War, attempts to overcome the betrayal of the gods by seeking out The Sisters of Fate and changing his destiny. Mainly we can see lots of Blood and Gore, Intense Violence, Nudity, Sexual Themes etc which makes the game far more interesting. Also, a strong language has been used in the game. It was released for PS 2 and PS 3 console by Sony Computer Entertainments. God of War was admirable in most of the aspects. There was always a distance between the the games story and the player. There is no much improvements in this part compared to part I. God of War II has all most everything that gamers would expect in sequel. It is definitely one of the exciting and interesting PS2 games in the history. It has amazing graphics, interactive sound effects, intense fights and music. God of War Part 3: In this part, Kratos with his Titans force attack the Olympus to kill Zeus and Olympian Gods. Pandoras Box will be reintroduced in this part. It was released for PS 3 consoles by Sony Computer Entertainments. As in earlier sequels, even this part is full of graphic violence, hideous monsters and blood, similar to God of War: Ghost of Sparta. It has excellent action-packed set pieces, sublime combat, and epic spectacle. The God of War Collection produces a range of visual and performance benefits. According to NPD data collected in Nov 2010, more than 180,000 copies was sold in USA in less than two weeks. PS2 hardware emulation shots on top, God of War Collection and PCSX2 shots on the bottom. Three types of Third person camera systems: 1. One is the Fixed Camera Systems where the positions of camera are set while the game is created. 2. The Tracking Camera Systems in which the camera is continuously follows the players position. 3. The Interactive Camera Systems are the advanced and are well controlled by the player s. Some Examples of camera types: Fixed camera: Selection of shots in Resident Evil 2 that aim at creating tension. In the Fixed Camera System, the properties of the camera are set by the game developers, such as its position, field of view or orientation, during the game creation. The view of camera will not change dynamically. Therefore, the same position will always be shown under the same set of views. Example for this type of camera can be found in Alone in the Dark and early Resident Evil. The background on which they evolve has been pre-rendered, while the characters are in 3D. One of the advantages of this Fixed Camera System is that it allows the designers to use the film language. Infact, the filmmakers, can create a mood through camera work by careful selection of shots. Their cinematic qualities are often praised in such games. In Resident Evil 2 this techniques are used by Capcom in which the encounter between monster and Leon was introduced by careful selection of views that aim at creating tension. Tracking camera: The tracking camera follows the characters from behind. There is no need for the player to control the camera. For example move it to a different position or rotate it. In early 3D games such as Crash Bandicoot or Tomb Raider, this type of camera system is very common as it is simple to implement. But there are few problems with this type of camera system. As the player does not control the camera may jerk or end up in awkward positions when a character turns or stands face out against a wall. This type of system is not suitable when occluded by an object. Interactive camera: In Super Mario 64, the camera intelligently rotates to show the path, instead of staying behind Mario. This is an improvement over the tracking camera system. Some of its parameters like camera s orientation or distance to the character will be changed even while the camera is still tracking the character. The camera is often controlled by an analog stick to provide a good accuracy on videogame consoles. However, in PC games it is normally controlled by mouse. Best examples are Tomb Rider, Matrix, Super Mario Sunshine or The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker. It is often very difficult to implement the fully interactive camera systems. Super Mario Sunshine faced many difficulties in controlling the camera and thus been argued by Gamespot. The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker was more successful and rarely needs manual correction. Super Mario 64 was one of the first games to offer an interactive camera system. It has two types of camera systems by which the player can switch accordingly. Except that it was partly driven by artificial intelligence, the first one was a standard tracking camera system. The system was responsive to the structure of the game level and thus can anticipate the change when required. For example, in the first phase, when the path to the hill is going to take left turn, the camera automatically starts looking towards the left by anticipating the players action. The second type allows the player to control the camera relatively to player position. By pressing up or down arrow keys camera moves closer or away from Mario, and by pressing on the left or right buttons, the camera rotates around Mario. Sound: Both sound and music are very well composed. This makes the game much more interesting and lively to play. In order to get a truly Greek feel, the score is provided. The graphics in the game are amazing on any TV. However, they are even better on progressive scan mode. Everything from semi-interactive surroundings to background details feels like a truly interactive world. Releases Awards History of God of War: God of War was released on June 21, 2005 in Europe and March 22, 2005 in North America and is also available in the PlayStation 2. God of War II was released on November 17, 2009 in North America. Both games are launched with up-scaled graphics and support for PlayStations. It was released in on UK 30 April 2010 Japan on March 18, Australia on 29 April 2010. God of War received the Game of the Year award from the Academy of Interactive Arts Sciences. God of War is ranked amongst the top 25 PS2 games list. It won twelve Game of the Year Awards. In 2007, it was named as the seventh best PS2 game of all time in IGNs feature reflecting on the history of the PlayStation. God of War (series): God of War is a video game for the PlayStation 2 and the first in the series God of War II, video game for the PlayStation 2 God of War Betrayal, video game for mobile phones God of War Chains of Olympus, game for the PlayStation Portable God of War Collection reissue of God of War and God of War II, premastered and compiled on a single disc for the PlayStation 3 God of War III, game for the PlayStation 3 God of War: Ghost of Sparta, a 2010 video game for the PlayStation Portable About PlayStation: PS 2 is a very popular console. It has thousands of games which are liked by everyone. We can opt to play LEGO Batman with family or sit for hours on hunting mythical deities in God of War. With DUALSHOCK 2 analog controller they all come alive. It delivers a sensitive gaming experience. Every action button has pressure sensitivity (up to 255 levels of sensitivity) and analog thumbsticks has enhanced mobility. Every PS 2 system has a controller and even we can use another DUALSHOCK 2 controller in order to play with friends. PS3 has in-built Wi-Fi and also can store huge amounts of data like game files, music, videos, photos and add-ons. HD movies at 1080p will be shown by Blu ray player to get pristine picture quality. Streaming movies can be downloaded by using Netflix. Conclusion: God of War is a revolutionary game created in the gaming world. The audio and graphics used in this game were extraordinary and eye-catching. The player feels as if he is the main character. No wonder it is ranked in the top 20 list. Even the storyline of the game is scripted very well. God of Wars greatest strength is fun. God of War is a perfect game, and also a great one. The game contains so much energy and confidence, so much skill and spirit. Anyone can addicted because of the action and detailed storyline. God of War is superbly designed and executed action adventure game that is the finest ever made.

Bernard Williams Analysis Of A Thought Experiment Philosophy Essay

Bernard Williams Analysis Of A Thought Experiment Philosophy Essay The thought experiment that Bernard Williams mentioned in his work A Critique of Utilitarianism to establish that utilitarianism is an incoherent and unintelligible theory of morality and does not hold much ground, especially when it comes to decision making under pressure and in high risk situations. But it crumbles altogether when once integrity and moral compass is at stake. This paper will explore some arguments related to the thought experiment that Bernard Williams has illustrated highlighting both the scenarios of George accepting and rejecting the job offer and how it affects his morality. It will also compare the utilitarian view point in the light of this thought experiment with other moral view points to establish that all theories do not fulfill all the criteria of a complete moral theory and does not fulfill our psychological and emotional needs. Suppose if George accepts the job offer. By accepting the offer at the chemical and biological warfare lab, George will certainly provide economic prosperity to his family (as he going through tough time), additionally he will also once get the job will be able to better influence the work of the lab, by either slowing down the process and/or building up support at the lab to deliberately protract the process. All these actions of George will lead to a greater utility as he will become an instrument in increasing utility and decreasing harm by slowing down the process. He will also be able to provide a better future for his family thereby reducing suffering which could have been caused to him and his family should he not have accepted the job offer. It seems like that from a utilitarian point of view this is an ideal situation. However, Bernard Williams argues against this position. He says that even though it seems that everyone is benefiting from Georges decision, for him it is not a good choice as it will alienate him from his projects that define him. In other words, as George is opposed to biological and chemical weapon, as he has to forsake his integrity in order to take a decision to accept the job offer. Bernard Williams call this as ones projects and argues that one must not forsake ones integrity and values which define us. George in this case has a deep rooted belief against biological and chemical weapons (their production and use) and should not forsake this. He sates: It is absurd to demand of such a man, when the sums come in from the utility network which the projects of others have in part determined, that he should just step aside from his own project and decision and acknowledge the decision which utilitarian calculation requires. It is to alienate him in a real sense from his actions and the source of his action in his own convictions. It is to make him into a channel between the input of everyones projects, including his own, and an output of optimific decision; but this is to neglect the extent to which his actions and his decisions have to be seen as the actions and decisions which flow from the projects and attitudes with which he is most closely identified. It is thus, in the most literal sense, and attack on his integrity. It is prudent at this stage to state a few points about the thought experiment itself, as a utilitarian could argue against their need. Thought experiments are a good way to provide us with a way of producing knowledge by stepping out of the domain of the real and day to day affairs. They can be seen as an instrument of judgment of possibility as well as consideration of conceivability. However, they are constrictive in nature, and arbitrarily cut off and restrict the range of choices available to decide on a course of action. This thought experiment, is reflective of all the constraints related to thought experiments in general but in particular it distances us from the consequences making it remote to the action that he will take, thereby it is difficult to assess from a practical point of view whether the thought experiment is of significance or not. The author has intentionally given little background as to how George has landed into this situation and thus has opened a wide arra y of generalization and universal applicability inhibiting the use of imagination and intuition. Martin Bunzl provides an interesting viewpoint regarding thought experiments related to ethics and especially to consequentialist theories in general, require a level of detail usually lacking in thought experiments. And it is the attempt to provide the missing detail (both consequentialist facts and the weightings on those facts) that yields the paradigm of a thought experiment that is out of control  [1]   This is an interesting take as the whole idea of providing missing information is to make us see a different paradigm not apparent in the thought experiment itself. Now lets see the scenario from a different vintage point. Suppose George does not accept the job offer as he is an ardent believer in safeguarding the world from biological and chemical weapons. In this case he has listened to his moral voice. However, even in this case (when George is not taking an action by not accepting the position) he is responsible for action through the doctrine of negative responsibility. Consequentialism will not recognize the difference between George not taking the job offer and safeguarding his integrity on one hand but has allowed someone else to take up the job (who is for the use of biological and chemical weapons) thereby is equally responsible for the harm that may cause. It doesnt make any difference if the action is taken by George or the other person as he is the one who let it happen. Looking at the broader picture keeping this thought experiment in perspective, John Rawls gives another viewpoint. The main concepts of ethics are those of right and the good. The structure of an ethical theory is, and then is largely determined by how it defines and connects these two basic notions.  [2]   From a utilitarian perspective, the right and the good is of no importance to the decision making process. But from an deontological perspective it is not the badness or the goodness of the consequence that makes it wrong but the act itself is wrong. George is not permitted to act and take any decision if it violates the deontological constraint (certain things that we must not do, even if doing it produces overall better consequences, in this case George may slow the process of weapon production and/or make a substantial effort is convincing other people to support his viewpoint). If George thinks of his act as a right act then it has to derive from its motive and as per Kant the motive is to be found in the act of duty rather than the inclination (Georges sense of duty will emerge from his strong belief against production of these weapons). Even though the action George will take will devoid him of pain and will give him pleasure but it will not be a free action and will be subject to the laws of cause and effect. If he does not take the job and if he doesnt on the idea that because he respects the moral law of so many people dying he will be the one who will eventually be the participant in it. By following a utilitarian viewpoint George has retracted his autonomy to take action, as he is bounded by the effects of what will happen, and his own will be shattered. Thereby he is not being true to himself and is losing true freedom. George may go ahead with not accepting the job offer but his contemporary will; thereby it will not be a universal principle. George should not act only because he has a duty towards others, to act and safeguard their interest; self interest is not the reason why he should do the right thing. One may also consider Georges action not to be seen in the future consequences that it will bring, but in the past as well, how he landed in this situation, what are he motives which led to him being against the development of chemical and biological weapons. There are other considerations that need to be brought in than the consequences of the action in determining what he should do. These considerations other than the value of the consequence of the action that needs to be considered in determining what he should do. A consequentialist will say to George to let the idea go as it will prevent greater harm or will do greater good. Ross  [3]  suggests that there is no universal law in this. For him one value can be overriding by another value provided it relives the distress. George action of taking up the job will be an unethical kind of expediency and will put undue pressure on George to take up the burden of morality for the whole human kind on his shoulders. Alternatively, George can see the whole issue from a different perspective altogether. He should not see the whole situation as being what is right or wrong but should focus on what is just, humane and generous. By doing this, he will not only see the moral dilemma as a focus but will be able to see his life as whole and his position in it. It will help him in acquiring a kind of a virtue and will take the stress of the moral burden of duty towards the whole mankind that he is trying to safeguard. On the other hand this approach to decision making will be more introvert with the focus on fulfilling the demands of the I rather than the combined good of all. Furthermore, it abandons the moral universal principles and gives power to the individual (in this case George) to make his own judgement. It dodges the important moral issues without assuming a definite position. Looking at this thought experiment and its conclusion, we reach a point where our approach to morality needs to be somewhere between this completely impartial and integrity-sacrificing mode and the danger of a completely subjective/relativist mode. The whole argument above clearly states that thought experiments can provide us with a way of thinking on issues but are limited in scope and should be used with caution. Thought experiments are profitably compared to compasses. A compass is a simple but useful device for determining direction. Nevertheless, it systematically errs in the presence of magnets it becomes unreliable near the North Pole, in mine shafts, when vibrated, in the presence of metal experts will wish to use the compass as one element in a wider portfolio of navigational techniques. Analogously, thought experiments are simple but useful devices for determining the status of propositions. Sadly, they systematically err under certain conditions and so are best used with sensitivity to their foibles and limited scope  [4]  

A Tale of Two Cities Essays: The French Revolution :: Tale Two Cities Essays

France and England in A Tale of Two Cities - The French Revolution   Introduction   In the eighteen-fifties, Charles Dickens was concerned that social problems in England, particularly those relating to the condition of the poor, might provoke a mass reaction on the scale of the French Revolution.   In a letter written in 1855, for example, he refers to the unrest of the time as follows:   I believe the discontent to be so much the worse for smouldering, instead of blazing openly, that it is extremely like the general mind of France before the breaking out of the first Revolution, and is in danger of being turned †¦ into such a devil of a conflagration as never has been beheld since. (qtd. in I. Collins 42)   At the beginning of A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Dickens once again expresses his concern. The novel opens in 1775, with a comparison of England and pre-revolutionary France. While drawing parallels between the two countries, Dickens also alludes to his own time: "the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only" (1; bk. 1, ch. 1). The rest of the chapter shows that Dickens regarded the condition to be an 'evil' one, since he depicts both countries as rife with poverty, injustice, and violence due to the irresponsibility of the ruling elite (1-3; bk. 1, ch. 1). As the novel unfolds, however, England becomes a safe haven for those escaping the violence perpetrated by the French Revolution. In this paper, I shall argue that A Tale of Two Cities reflects the popular confidence in the stability of England in the eighteen-fifties, despite Dic kens's suggestions at the beginning. A Tale of Two Cities thus becomes a novel about the England and the English of Dickens's time. And yet, many people today would believe that the novel is essentially about the French Revolution, which brings me to my second point. If in the nineteenth century the novel served to affirm the stability of Britain, in this century it has been greatly influential in the formation of the popular image of the French Revolution, mainly thanks to film and television adaptations. The purpose of this paper is to look at the popular reception of the novel from the time of its first publication in 1859 to the nineteen-nineties.

The Power and Influence of the Obeah Man and Folk Healing in Jamaican Culture :: essays papers

The Power and Influence of the Obeah Man and Folk Healing in Jamaican Culture Rhetoric of Reggae Term Paper It's late in the 17h century and the Europeans are craving more sugar for their English tea and French coffee. Several islands are â€Å"discovered† in the Caribbean, which appear to have a sugar surplus as well as low occupancy. Now there was tons of sugar but no one to cut down the plants except for Africans rounded up and squeezed into a ship headed towards their new home. Standing shoulder to shoulder with practically no room to breathe, the slaves were hardly thinking about the new diseases they were about to encounter let alone the musical instruments left at home. The only discussions aboard the ship were most likely limited to shouts of defiance or lamentations to gods or ancestors. Once arrived, the Africans strived to rebuild the culture, music, and religion that had been stripped from their lives. Making instruments such as drums and fifes, there was a feeling that the drumming and dancing would institute a feeling of pride and hope in what seemed to be hopele ss times. Music became a form of revolt from the hardship and plantation owners did not want to be bothered with the thought of rebellion and therefore banned the drum as well as allowing slaves to meet others from another plantation. Music wasn’t the only revolt; healing practices that coincided with religious practices were also a part of this revolution. This revolution was to retain their African heritage without fully conforming to their white masters’ ideals. Funerals eventually became the only time at which slaves could meet, which was frequent due to the harsh environment. These funerals were rituals, which involved music, especially drumming. However, funerals weren’t the only musical outlets allowed, other folk religious ceremonies were also practiced. The Myal cult was the first of these folk religions shortly followed by Kumina, Pukumina, Convince, and Zion Revivalist. Each of these folk religions plays a role in the belief systems of Jamaicans and has also played a role in the evolution of early reggae music. Rather than focusing on the religions separately and wholly, I focus on one common characteristic that still exists today in Jamaica as well as all over the West Indies and even in various spots in the southern United States- healing practices and the practitioners.

Essays --

Globalization is made up of social, economical, technological, heritage, and political alterations that display interdependence and development. Globalization rises the benchmark of living in nations, broadens technological information, and heightens political liberation. The major origin of globalization is the leverage from other nations. Globalization is a method that outcomes from human change and technological development. The communal effects of globalization are apparently illustrated in Peru. Once a third-world homeland topped up with scarcity and oppression, Peru is now transitioning into a evolved nation. In Peru, globalization has increased the human development index, empowered women, and conceived a more powerful country. One of the advantages of globalization on a communal grade is an increased Human Development Index. The Human Development catalogue is a estimation of a country's communal, political, and economical development in comparison to other countries in the world. The Human Development catalogue rates each country with a tally between 0 and 1, with 1 being the most advanced, globalized homeland. components that are engaged in determining a country's HDI are gross household output per capita, life expectancy at birth, mature person scholarly, and the number of persons enrolled in informative organizations. In 1975, Peru's Human Development catalogue was a 0.643. By 2003, the Human Development catalogue had risen more than one tenth to 0.762. The substantial boost of Peru's HDI is a clear indication that globalization has made a affirmative influence. From 1975 until 2003, globalization has caused a 2% boost in the adult literacy rate. throughout the same time time span, the scarcity rate to fallen 6%. Wom... ... more mighty that person is. Those persons desire to have the wealthy get more affluent and the poor become even poorer, so they are probably against globalization. Whereas globalization may not be the flawless answer to end all of the world's difficulties, it is a good start. Countries that adopt globalization, such as Peru, have benefited tremendously. Globalization is good for a country's finances, politics, and most significantly for its persons. Peru was one time a third-world country ravaged with poverty, oppression, and a need of learning. Globalization has contributed to the decrease of scarcity, bigger literacy rate, and the liberation of women in Peru. The consequences of globalization can be identified in Peru and all around the world, when technological information is disperse, free trade is boosted, and political or social liberation is accomplished.

Dissertation Sample †Is it Possible to Reduce the Harm Caused by Human Trafficking?

Abstract This paper reviews the practice and extent of human trafficking across the globe in order to assess the harm which is inflicted upon victims. This paper utilises case studies and academic research from the USA and Northern Ireland in order to find that regardless of the activity or the experiences of victims, all experiences psychological trauma. However this paper finds that there is also an informational black hole which can potentially impact upon the treatment of victims following a period in captivity, Introduction The phenomenon of human trafficking has increased as a problematic national international issue in recent years. Both state in non-state actors have attempted to combat this industry, however the focus upon the experiences of harm which victims experiences remains part of a subjective construct. This paper assesses what harm victims experience but in doing so seeks to address the extent and scale of human trafficking as a local and global issue. This paper utilises academic research and state policies from the USA and the Northern Irish Province of the UK in order to make findings in relation to the harm which human trafficking causes. This paper concludes that all victims of human trafficking experience psychological harm regardless of the role which they were expected to undertake. In essence, victims are reduced to being defined as begin vulnerable as a result of their experiences. What is Human Trafficking It is estimated that human trafficking earns criminal syndicates around $32 billion per annum (Haken 2011). The human trafficking networks which exist across the globe impact upon. It is a system that can be evidenced in almost all countries and of people who reside in those states (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), 2011). The natural conclusion to any research on the subject of human trafficking tends to conform to an idea that it concerns the transportation of a large number of vulnerable people from the periphery to the core (UNODC, 2011). A number of centres of gravity have been established where trafficking gangs tend to concentrate their efforts. These areas include, but are not limited to, Western Europe, Dubai and the USA. However, other markets also exist in countries such as India where there is a market in both the internal relocation of victims, in this case predominately children, of trafficking, and externally to the aforementioned locations (Finnegan 20 08). Global approaches to human trafficking are overseen by the United Nations (UN) which defines the practice as being the ‘recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation’ (UNODC 2000: n.p.). The UN working definition has been commuted in to the legal frameworks of domestic jurisdictions which, despite being semantically different they are, for all intent purpose, they possess the same underlying meaning as that of the UN’s. In the USA for example, the practice of human trafficking is legally defined as being ‘Trafficking in persons† and â€Å"human trafficking† have been used as umbrella terms for the act of re cruiting, harboring, transporting, providing, or obtaining a person for compelled labor or commercial sex acts through the use of force, fraud, or coercion’ (US Dept of State, 2014: n.p.). In the UK, In the UK, the racquets which organise human trafficking are defined as being ‘those involved, normally working with others, in continuing serious criminal activities for substantial profit, whether based in the UK or elsewhere† (SOCA, 2013: n.p.). A number of international bodies also are incorporated into the fight against human trafficking. The World Bank, for example, possesses its own definition human trafficking as ‘the abuse of public power for private benefit’ (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2011: 5). Other organisation which are active in the fight against human trafficking includes the International Labour Organisation (2013: n.p.) which supports a perspective that women make up just over half of all trafficked people, with males and children making up the remainder. In essence, the issue and prevalence of human trafficking is considered to be an important issue on global as well as domestic terms and incorporates state and non-state activity (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011: 4). In the USA, the local perspective considers that human trafficking is akin to a form of modern slavery (US Dept of State, 2014: n.p.). Modern Slavery Discourse With human trafficking being considered as akin to modern slavery is a label which is highly relevant to this subject area. Figures regarding trafficking to the USA are wide. For example Baldwin, Eisenman, Sayles, Ryan & Chuang (2011: 1) suggest that eighteen thousand are trafficked there annually, whilst Hughes (2001: 9) presented estimated of over one hundred thousand per annum. In this instance it is arguable that both may be correct. Recent years have seen US border controls and immigration fall within the remit of Homeland Security (Dept for Homeland Security, 2014). In their article, Hepburn and Simon (2010: 1) note that legislative definitions of human trafficking are similar. The reason for this is that all states take their leads from the UN policy. The UN definition, therefore, can be considered as being all encompassing and constitutes a policy which the majority of, if not all, states agree upon. Indeed a number of third party non-governmental organisations also have policies and working definitions in this area. One country of focus for the USA in its fight against human trafficking is Moldova which the USA sees as being a main country of origin for those trafficked to its shores. Additionally the US government argues that ‘women and children (are) trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation to the Balkans; other European countries; and the Middle East’ (Embassy for the United States: Moldova 2013: n.p.). One factor for the discrepancy for the difficulty in calculating the numbers of victims of trafficking is the nature of the activity. Since it incorporates criminal actions which seeks to secrete victims into a host nation, the possibility of creating accurate figures is an extremely challenging task. Indeed this is a reality which the UK government realised when attempting to evaluate the extent of the practice in that country as well as the wider European Union space (HM Parliament, 2009: 9). At this point it is to be noted that there is a clear difference between the transportation of people by illegal or criminal organisations via human trafficking and the international migrant trade. In the latter of these, willing participants pay syndicates to move to another country. Finnegan (2008) notes that human trafficking routinely involves further criminal offences including fraud, deception and coercion, and can result in the employment of people in, for example, forced labour and prostitution. In the vast majority of cases it can be assessed that those victims who are trafficked are aiming to escape from social deprivations, conflict, violence and poverty (Finnegan, 2008). Similarly there tends to be a level of state involvement through corrupt practices by individual state agents (Finnegan 2008). UNODC (2013) argues that trafficking for the purposes of prostitution and sexual exploitation comprises the vast majority of cases. This narrative provides a greater insight into the phenomenon of human trafficking in affected countries however on a personal scale the impact upon the victims can be considered to be more devastating. Harm caused by Human Trafficking It is noted that in the UK, the devolved Northern Irish authority argues that there must be three components for human trafficking to occur. These components are the act, the means and the purpose (Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland, 2012).Each of these components must be in place for the offence of human trafficking to be considered as a crime. The referred to act concerns the recruitment of people; the means brings into play coercion, threats or intimidation; whilst the threats or force in order to coerce people whilst the purpose equates to the role being carried out, for example, prostitution, forced labour et al (Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland 2012: 4). Where all three of these elements have been confirmed, the possibility for prosecution is increased. Similarly a support network for victims is initiated. In the USA victims of human trafficking are predominately considered as being an issue for health care providers (Baldwin et al., 2011: 2). This policy is based upon statistical research which argues that over a quarter of all people who have been trafficked are in need of medical care whilst under the control of their captors (Baldwin et al., 2011: 2). These findings have placed the US healthcare system at the forefront of the fight in identifying victims and, by implication, the controlling criminal racquet. However Baldwin et al. (2011: 2) highlight the fact that information regarding the impact of trafficking on victims remains scant and argue that this finding is based upon a lack of data from state organisations such as law enforcement agencies, health care providers and human rights groups. Baldwin et al.( 2011: 1-3) reach this outcome despite the widespread practice which they argue can be found across the USA in over ninety cities and in thirty states. However the scant inf ormation which has been reflected thus far in this paper, in terms of state led assessments and academic research also suggests that the extent of human trafficking remains part of a subjective narrative. The US based National Human Trafficking Response Centre (2014: n.p.) notes the extent of trafficking is almost half of that which was argued by Baldwin et al. (2011) and is also different form that discussed by Coonan (2004). These outcomes impact upon the policy responses to issues related to harm which is experienced by people who have been trafficked, particularly where there are a number of medical or psychological interventions needed to assist victims in recovering from their experiences. The study conducted by Coonan’s (2004) utilised a number of victims of human trafficking, many of whom had originated from Mexico (Coonan, 2005: 208). All, bar one, had been employed in the sex trade with the latter being used for domestic servitude. All of these participants showed symptoms of mental health issues which related to a strong desire for physical security. However it is to be noted that Coonan (2004) failed to question victims on the rationale for this desire. As such, this area too remains part of a subjective concept and represents an inherent weakness in Coonan’s (2004) The need for physical security could potentially relate to a psychological fear of being taken and forced back into the activity which they were previously undertaking, or it could provide evidence of a need for safety from physical beating. Either way the strong desire for physical security is indicative of mental strain and evidence of trauma. As a further failing in Coonan’s ( 2004) paper it is to be noted that he did not discuss the experiences of being caught up in the human trafficking trade. This is a missed opportunity to gain a greater insight into the harm done by experiences. A further study by Hepburn and Simon (2010) provides details of the experiences of victims and, as a result, provides a greater insight into the harm done during time in captivity. Hepburn and Simon (2010: 6) state that women who were trafficked to join the US sex trade had to have sex over six hundred times simply to pay off their debts. Added to this were accommodation and food bills, resulting in a continual captive state. In this particular instance these women had to live in a condemned building, had no choice but to drink contaminated water and trap pigeons in order to eat. As such, in this case, long term physical illness cannot be ruled out. Similarly the exposure to regular sexual activity means that sexually transmitted disease cannot be ruled out (Hepburn and Simon, (2010: 6-7). One area where Hepburn and Simon were successful in their study was to concretise the need for physical security, where here, it can be evidenced that a fear of being recaptured was an overriding factor in the low mental health status of victims. Hepburn and Simon (2010: 8) also highlighted that women had been, in part, exposed to domestic US life, resulting in additional men tal stress and trauma Harm Reduction Programmes The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2009: 9) notes the psychological impact of trafficking upon victims and argues that the experiences of people are akin to a state of Stockholm syndrome. Here, captives are psychologically attacked to their captors and are subsequently mentally aligned to their captors (Graham, (1994: xvi). In essence the experiences of trafficked people is not dissimilar to the psychological experiences of those who have been taken hostage, cult members or long term prisoners of war (Graham, 1994: xvi). This is a factor which the Northern Irish authorities have recognised and people who have been liberated from trafficking are subsequently placed in a secure accommodation setting for six weeks in order that they can reflect upon their experiences whilst in captivity (Public Prosecution Service, 2012: 15). The process also helps victims to come to terms with a number of other areas of their experiences, obtain medical assessments and access the relevant tr eatments. The main overriding factor which affects all people is the psychological issue. This occurs regardless of the role which was undertaken. A further benefit of this approach is that it allows victims to open upon about their experiences and can help law enforcement agencies gather information in order to improve their intelligence assessments of the extent and practices which occur within their jurisdiction. However the overriding factor in the approach which the Northern Irish authorities utilise is based upon recognition that victims are vulnerable. It is this recognition that informs subsequent intervention processes from a plethora of state organisations. In essence, victims in Northern Ireland experience a multi agency response which is highly individualised and may include health specialists, social services, mental health services, law enforcement and immigration services. One further factor to note is that victims in this Province are also granted an immigration one year stay of execution in order that the relevant authorities can oversee their integration back in to civil society prior to being returned to their homeland and families (Public Prosecution Service, 2012: 13-22). Conclusions In conclusion, information regarding the harm caused by human trafficking is still evolving. Where information is available it is evident that all victims experience mental trauma as a result of their experiences. In achieving this finding this paper has assessed the scale and extent of the practice and has considered academic and state led research and practices. The mental harm experienced is indicative of a psychological state which is akin to Stockholm syndrome; as a result victims can be classed as being vulnerable and are in need of individualised levels of care. Knowledge of this outcome has the potential to reduce the harm caused by human trafficking however the evident lack of complete information is hampering the ability of institutions and state agencies to limit the harm done. As an issue of best practice the Northern Irish system can be seen as being the best approach to limiting harm and to promote a successful recovery. Bibliography Baldwin, S., Eisenman, D., Sayles, J., Ryan, G., & Chuang, K., (2011), Identification of Human Trafficking Victims in Health Care Settings, (J), Health and Human Rights, Vol. 13, (1), pp. 1-15. Coonan, T., (2004), Human Trafficking: Victims Voices in Florida, (J), Journal of Social Work Research and Evaluation, Vol. 5, (2), pp. 207 – 218. Dept for Homeland Security, (2014), Fixing Our Broken Immigration System Through Executive Action – Key Facts, (online), available at http://www.dhs.gov/immigration-action?utm_source=hp_feature&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=dhs_hp, (accessed on 01/12/14). Embassy for the United States: Moldova, (2013), US Government Report on Moldova (online), available at http://moldova.usembassy.gov/reports-on-moldova.html, (accessed on 06/12/14), Finnegan, W., (2008), The Counter Traffickers, (online), available at http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/05/05/the-countertraffickers, (accessed on 06/12/14). Graham, D., (1994), Loving to Survive: Sexual Terror, Men’s Violence, and Women’s Lives, New York New York University Press. Haken, J., (2011), Transnational Crime in the Developing World, Washington DC: Global Financial Integrity. HM Parliament, (2009), The Trade in Human Beings: Human Trafficking in the UK, London: HMSO. Hughes, D., M., (2001), The â€Å"Natasha† Trade: Transnational Sex Trafficking. (J), National Institute of Justice Journal, Vol. 246, (1), pp. 9-15 International Labour Organisation, (2013), Quick Facts about Human Trafficking, (online), available at http://www.endhumantraffickingnow.com/quick-facts-about-human-trafficking/, (accessed on 06/12/14). Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland (2012) Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Human Trafficking. Belfast: Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland. Serious Organised Crime Agency, (2012), Organised crime groups, (online), available at http://www.soca.gov.uk/threats/organised-crime-groups, (accessed on 06/12/14). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2000), The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and two supplementary protocols: Article 3, (online), available at http://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf, (accessed on 06/12/14). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2009), Anti Human Trafficking manual for Criminal Justice Practitioners, New York: United Nations. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2011), The Role of Corruption in Trafficking in Persons. Geneva: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. US Dept of State, (2014), Definitions and methodology, (online), available at http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/210543.htm, (accessed on 06/12/14).

Apush

The sunf spurn Over the summer we contract the book The Sunflower, a point written by Simon Waistlines. The bol bingley consists of a opus named Simon having to make a picking of to for relieve oneself person that has brought him great pain. Simon Is set well-nigh with Nazi enquire for benignity for either the large number he has kil take everywhere the years. Simon makes a choice but later declination It. The book The Sunflower starts with Simon Waistlines being hurl Into a concentration camp during the Holocaust.He lives his liveliness as a prisoner sidereal twenty-four hours by day until one day he is taken with a stem to clean trash at a infirmary. While walking done the townsfolk to the infirmary he sees a memorial park for Nazi soldiers. He noniced that sever all in all(a)y grave had a single helianthus planted on top of it. When Simon reaches the hospital he is called inside by TA nourish who brings him too patients room. The room he was brought to wa s the one of a dying Nazi named Karl. Simon was stuck in Karts room listening to his story close to what he has done to Jews, the tribe he has killed and his mother.When Karl is done telling his story, he begs Simon for benignity. Without answering Simon leaves. He couldnt ascertain whether it was a good idea or non to forgive the Nazi. The day aft(prenominal), Simon is brought back to the hospital. The nurse a produce brings him inside and instead of divergence to the patients room she gives him Karts possessions. Karl had passes away the night originally. unmatch suitable day after Simon is freed from the camp, he goes to image Karts mothers house. He thinks it will help him conclude whether or non he do the right purpose of not grant Karl.After he speaks to her, he still cant decide whether he do the right decision. At the end of the story he asked the lecturer what they would moderate done the comparable thing. I downstairsstand why Simon made that decision h e did. I wouldve done the same thing. In anger a brood of decisions are made. Simon was Just very livid with Karl be fix he killed his own sight. Asking for forgiveness from or sothing Like that Is a big thing. If I were Simon I wouldve done the same pick out thing. I would own been angry with the man who killed a lot of my family friends and to ask for forgiveness after too.I would have never forgiven that man. bear on By Holloway 4 forgive someone that has brought him great pain. Simon is faced with Nazi asking for later regrets it. The book The Sunflower starts with Simon Waistlines being put into a until one day he is taken with a group to clean trash at a hospital. While walking hospital he is called inside by TA nurse who brings him to a patients room. The room speaks to her, he still cant decide whether he made the right decision. At the end of because he killed his own people. Asking for forgiveness from something handle that is aApushCHAPTER 11 * The tie among Aaro n Burr and Jefferson meant that Jefferson had to be elected by the house of reps. * Jefferson and his unfathomedary kept monetary policies like funding, assumption, and the marge of the U. S. in place. * The Jeffersonian republicans showed their hostility by trying to accuse Justice Samuel Chase. * Marbury vs. capital of Wisconsin open discriminative review the right of the s overeign courtyard to declare legislation unconstitutional. * Jefferson cut the legions to 2500 men because he thought a large army was a nemesis to liberty and economy. Jeffersons deepest doubt about the lanthanum Purchase was that the purchase readiness be unconstitutional. * Lewis and Clark expedition demonstrated the viability of an terrestrial the Statesn route to the Pacific. * After 1805, American transportation organization was severely digest by trade restrictions imposed by twain the British and French. * After the Chesapeake Affair Jefferson could have easily declared struggle on Brita in with the enthusiastic confirm from both the Federalists and Republicans. (what is Chesapeake routine? ) * Jeffersons embargo sadly hurt Federalist juvenile Eng bestow as well as southmosterly and westsideern farmers. refreshing Englanders overcame the effects of the embargo by trading illegally with Canada and developing a lot domestic manufacturing. * The nearly revolutionary development in the decisive pick of 1800 was the peaceful transition of actor form one semipolitical ships comp any(prenominal) to its opponent. * one(a) nationalist policy that Jefferson quickly retrousse was the excise tax. * Jefferson was forced to reverse his well-set opposition to substantial army forces b/c of the pl on a lower floor and blackmailing of American shipping by North African disk operating musical arrangements. Although greatly weakened after Jeffersons election, the Federalist troupes philosophy continued to have great influence through the nationalist juridical rulings of canful Marshall * The tern midnight decide refers to Federalist judges appointed by Pres. John Adams at the exsert moments of his administration. * The republicans failure to impeach Supreme judiciary justice Samuel Chase established the formula that impeachment should be used completely for high crimes and misdemeanors and not as a political weapon. * Jefferson focused his military machine pull policy primarily on make several hundred small munition boats. Embargo Act prohibited all foreign trade. * The crucial foreign mark for many war hawks in the war of 1812 was the capture and annexation of Canada. * Tecumseh and the prophet created a pan Indian military bond against white expansion and also urged indigen Americans to resist white ways and inspire their traditional culture. * endemic American subway scheme east of the disseminated sclerosis river was legally humiliated in the two difference of opinions of Tippecanoe and Horseshoe Bend. CHAPTER 12 * Napoleons decision to repeal his blockage decrees in response to Macons crown No. 2 demonstrated how Madison was manipulated by napoleon. The large western delegations in Congress were very concerned about foreign policy snubs such as Canada and mari metre rights. * A good worry of western hostility to Britain arose b/c the war hawks believed that the British were supplying the Native Americans. * New Englanders did not want to sweep up Canada at all. * Even though the New England shippers were nearly affected by oversea trade they did not want to submit Britain on issues for impressment and mari age rights. * American naval forces under Perry and Macdonough thwarted British-Canadian aggression threats to Detroit and up order New York. remainss and Calhouns plans for an extensive governance of federal officially funded roads and canals were blocked by Republican presidents who had constitutional objections. * The Era of Good Feelings under chairwoman Monroe was broken by the fear attack of 1819 and the battle over slavery in bit. * B/c of its wildcat bordering practices and land speculation, the west was hit especially steadfastly in the holy terror of 1819. * Missouri compromise Missouri a slave state, Maine a free state and no to a greater extent slavery would be permitted in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri. John Marshalls Supreme judiciary rulings largely defended the mogul of the federal authorities against the index number of the states. * The greatest American military successes of the contend of 1812 came in the naval battles on the Great Lakes and elsewhere. * ii prominent American military heroes who emerged from the War of 1812 were Oliver Hazard Perry and Andrew capital of Mississippi. * The American victory in the Battle of New Orleans proved essentially vacuous b/c the peace accordance had been sign(a) several weeks before. * The terms of the treaty of Ghent nding the War of 1812 provided that the two sides would fit fighting and return to the status quo before the war. * 1 significant event of the War of 1812 was an increase in domestic manufacturing and scotchal independence. * A significant international consequence of the war of 1812 was a growth of Canadian patriotism and nationalism. * The sassy nationalistic tint right after the war of 1812 was unornamented in the development of a classifiable national literature, an increase emphasis on economic independence, and a new feel in the American army and navy. * MuCulloch vs.doc Justice John Marshall express that the federal buzzword of the U. S. was constitutional and no state had the right to tax it. * Daniel Webster join John Marshall in expanding the exponent of the federal government at the put down of the states. * Andrew capital of Mississippis invasion of Florida led to permanent acquisition of the territory after Secretary of State Adams further pressured Spain to deed over the area to the U. S. * The original impetus for declaring the Monroe article of belief came from a British proposal that American join Britain in guaranteeing the independence of the Latin American republics. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the U. S. would not tolerate further European noise or colonization in the Americas. * The conterminous effect of the Monroe Doctrine at the time it was issued was very little. CHAPTER 13 * The New democracy was found on the ending of shoes qualifications for the ballot in most states. * The voters failed to give an electoral major(ip)ity to any aspect in 1824, so the house of reps. had to contract the president form among the top one-third candidates. * President Adams attempted to uphold blind drunk nationalistic principles in a time of rowing sectionalism. The south and its leading spokesman, Calhoun, prefer the responsibility of 1816 but opposed the stronger tariff of 1828. * The election campaigns of 1828 were more about in the flesh(predicate)ities and mudslinging than on the issues of tariffs and commonplace democracy. * The election of 1828 was in some ways a revolution of the leafy vegetable people of the double-u and sulphur against the older, entrench governing classes of the East. * The capital of Mississippiians practiced their belief that the routine citizen was capable of holding almost any public office w/o particular qualifications. * angiotensin-converting enzyme consequence of the cossets system was the building of the powerful political achienes base on favours and rewards distributed to political permiters. * In the Hayne-Webster debate, the southerner Hayne defended the belief of nullification by the states, while Webster attacked it as contrary to a union organize by the while American people rather than by the states. * An essential cause of the New Democracy was the increased support in politics felt by universal citizens after the panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise . * A new, more democratic method of nominating presidential candidates was the national nominating convention. * The Jacksonian institutionalise of a corrupt bargain to gain J.Q. A. the presidency arose b/c Clay was named secretary of state after throwing his support to Adams. * The New Democracy arose partly b/c economic distress and the issue of slavery in Missouri impact a heightened public awareness of politics. * One political innovation that illustrated the new popular voice in politics was the establish of national ships company conventions to nominate presidential candidates. * Adam being stubborn and prickly, his support for national roads, a notional university, and an astronomical observatory, and his anti-western land and Indian policies made his presidency a political failure. In the battle over the Tariff of Abominations, New England endorse high tariffs while south demanded lower duties. * Under the surface of the southeasts strong opposition to the tariff of Abominations was a fear of growing federal power that might interfere in slavery. * John C. Calhouns theory of nullification was based on the idea that states should be able to declare invalid those laws they deemed unconstitutional. * The concept of a political revolution of 1828 rests on the increased involvement of ordinary voters in the political process. One of the central beliefs of the new Jacksonian democracy was that office holding should be open to as many ordinary citizens as possible. * One consequence of the spoil system was an increase in incompetency and corruption in government. * The Peggy Eaton affair contributed to the bitter, personal political run afoul between Andrew Jackson and Calhoun. * Jacksons Maysville Road prevent signaled his opposition to Henry Clays American System. * In his debate with Hayne, Daniel Webster argued that the federal government had formed by the people and the states had no right to nullify federal law.CHAPTER 14 * Jackson ended mh o Carolinas threat of nullification and withdrawal method by political pressure, compromise, and the threat of military action. * No states backed up federation Carolina and their act of nullification against the federal government. * Jackson used his cast out of the bill to recharter the bank of the U. S. to mobilize the common people of the west against the monetary elite of the east. * The anti-Masonic third company of 1832 appealed strongly to American suspicion of secret societies and to anti-Jackson evangelical Protestants. * Jackson finally ruined the Band of the U. S. y moving federal deposits to state banks the independent treasury was not established until 1840. * Jackson defied the Supreme Court and ordered eastern Indians removed to Oklahoma. * American settlers in Texas clashed with the Mexican government over issues of slavery, immigration, and legal rights. * The Whig party eventually coalesced into a strong anti-Jackson party with a generally nationalistic out e motional state. * Van Buren suffered the bad effects of the anti-bank battle, especially in the panic of 1819. * The Whigs pretended that Harrison was from a poor ground to form the basis appeal. Van Buren last the election of 1840 partly b/c voters connected him with the tricky times caused by the panic of 1837. * The Whigs kick upstairs harmony and activism. The Democrats prospered liberty and equality. * The two-party system lay a premium on political compromise within each party and thus tended to reduce the ideological conflict between the parties. * The nullification crisis in South Carolina ended when Henry Clay pushed through a compromise tariff that enabled South Carolina to save face. * Jacksons veto if the bank recharter bill represented a bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors. Among the new political development that appeared in the election of 1832 were third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party platforms. * Jacksons Specie Circular declared that all public lands would have to be purchased with hard or metallic money. * One of Andrew Jacksons weapons in his was against Nicholas Biddles Bank of the U. S. was removing federal deposits from the bank and transferring them to pet state banks. * One important result of President Jacksons destruction of the bank of the U. S. was the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization. In theory, the U. S. government treated the Indians east if the Mississippi River as sovereign nations with whom the government negotiated and signed binding treaties. * Some eastern Indian peoples like the Cherokees were notable for their development of effectuality agricultural, educational, and political institutions. * In promoting his policy of Indian removal, Jackson defied rulings of the U. S. Supreme Court that favored Cherokees. * The end result of Jacksons Indian policies the forcible removal of the most southeastern Indians to Oklahoma. * A particular radical of friction b/w the govt. f Mexico and the immigrant settlers in Texas was the settlers importation of slaves. * In the event of the successful Texas Revolution, Texas petitioned to join the U. S. but was refused admission. * The panic of 1837 and subsequent depression were caused by overspecutlation and Jacksons financial policies. * Whig Party Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. Tended to favor a strong federal character reference in economic and moral issues. CHAPTER 15 * American frontier life was frequently plagued by poverty and illness. * The influx of Irish immigrants contributed to the originate of nativism and anti-Catholicism. Most early American manufacturing was concentrated in New England. * The principle of general incorporation permitted individual air people to apply for limited-liability corporate charters from the state legislatures. * The early industrial revolution involve jobs with long hours and low wages. * Early crunch unions made very impenetrable age partly b/c the engrave weapon was illegal and ineffective. * The steel turn to and mechanical reaper helped turn American farmers from subsistence farming to mercenary, market-oriented agriculture. * By 1840, canals were cheaper and more effective than highways. The Erie Canals great economic effect was to create strong east-west commercial and industrial links b/w the Northeast and the West (Midwest). * The railroad met much early opposition, especially from canal interest. * In the sectional division of cut into that genuine before the gracious war, the south generally provided raw materials to the Northeast in change over for manufactured goods, transportation, and commercial services. * Most women remained exterior the market economy, in the home. * American industrial cities were the sites of a slow but arouse rise in wage place for most workers. By the time of the civil war, telegraph lines had been stretched across both the Atlan tic Ocean and the North American continent. * The run across of frontier life was especially delicate for women. * As late as 1850, over one-half of the American population was under the age of thirty. * The primary economic exercise in the Rocky Mountain West before the civil war was fur-trapping. * Americans came to look on their spectacular western state of nature areas especially as one of their distinctive, delimitate attributes as a new nation. The American painter who developed the idea for a national park system was George Catlin. * Two major sources of European immigration to America in the 1840s and the 1850s were Germany and Ireland. * One Consequence of the influx of new immigrants was an quite a little of anti-Catholicism. * Industrialization was at first slow to arrive in America b/c there was a shortage of labor, capital, and consumers. * The first industry to be regulate by the new factory system of manufacturing goods was textiles. * Wages went up for most A merican workers in the nineteenth century get out for women and children. A major change modify the American family in the early 19th century was a decline in the average number of children per household. * The first major improvements in the American transportation system were steamboats and highways. * The new regional division of labor created by improved transportation meant that the south=cotton, the west=grain and livestock, and the east= manufacturing. * One effect if industrialization was a rise in the gap between fecund and poor. * A major new scientific development that linked America more closely to Europe was the transatlantic cable.