Noah and Utnapishtims Wild Ride Essay Example for Free

Noah and Utnapishtims Wild Ride EssayAlmost every religion in the world has a narrative about the Great Flood which destroys the earth, and each teaches its followers a different stratum about this disaster. While the Babylonians have the story of Utnapishtim from the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Judeo Christians have Noah from the Bible. Both men save a few people and many animals. In these stories, Noah and Utnapishtim seem to have similar situations, but a further analysis shows how truly different the two stories ar. The boats in each story are exceptionally different.In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Utnapishtims boat was 6er stories high, had nine apartments in each story, had a flat bottom, and was one degree Celsius and twenty cubits high as well as wide (par 5-6). Utnapishtim covered the wrong of his boat with bitumen, and covered the outside of it with pitch (par 6). Noahs ark was made of cypress wood, and was coated in pitch on the inside and out (614). It was three hundred cubits long, l cubits wide, and thirty cubits high (615). It had three decks, a door, and a roof (616).The Lord shut Noah in the ark with his family and the animals, and Utnapishtim shut himself in when the flood waters came (716 par 9). Each story tells of a storm, but there are conflicting differences in each one. The storm in Utnapishtims story lasted for six days and six nights (par 14). On the seventh day, the rain stopped and the waters receded (par 14). They stayed in the boat for at least a nonher week before they determined the land had dried enough (par 16). The storm in Noahs story lasted for forty days and forty nights (717).The floods were on the earth for a hundred and fifty days (724). Noah, his family, and the animals stayed on the ark for three hundred and ninety two days (76, 814). Utnapishtim stayed on the boat until the raven did not come back, and Noah stayed on the ark until divinity told him to come out (par 16 815-16). Noah and Utnapishtim each send out bi rds to let them know when they could leave the boat, but sent out different ones in different parts of their stories. When the waters started to recede, Utnapishtim sent out a dove prime(prenominal), and she came back finding no place to rest (par 16).He then sent out a swallow, which also returned (par 16). The third bird he sent out was a raven, and she did not return, for she had found a place to rest (par 16). The first bird Noah sent out was a raven (87). He sent out the dove next, but she returned with no place to rest (88-9). He waited for a week and sent the dove out again, and she brought back an olive branch (810-11). He waited yet another week and sent her out again, but this time, she did not return (812). In each story, the birds that let them know the water is gone are different.Noah and Utnapishtim seem to survive similar situations in each story, but they are a far cry from each other. Each of their boats is built in different dimensions, are made from varied kinds of materials, and structured differently. The storms in each story lasted for assorted periods of time, and they were inside the boats for different lengths of time as well. They both sent out different birds for various reasons in their stories. Each story clashes with the other in numerous distinctive ways.

The New Negro Essay Example for Free

The New Negro EssayThe main thesis of this melodic theme is that the life of the Negro has taken a sudden change in the early 20th century. the Negro got rid of all the psychological and social problems which flip been the cause of his mental segregation and isolation. He became confident and started to become an actual part of the American society in general. The author has given several evidences regarding this thesis. prototypic of all he has explained the moral and psychological change which have appe atomic number 18d in the life of the Negro. He argued that one of major factors which contributed in these dynamic changes was the mass lawsuit of the Negro families from the rural South to the Northern industrialized cities. In these areas very soon Negro came in a intimately contact with the other races bid the white and for the origin time Negro was studies and perceived differently, not as a problem or not simply talked about but for the first time he had been carefu lly and scientifically viewed and studied.For the first time in American history intellectuals from both side have sit together and discussed the pros and cons of the inter-racial contacts and relationships ontogenesis in the American society. The Negro has also became the active part of the American society by sharing the same dreams, political and social visions as are been adopted by most of the American multitude. This change has not only him to shred shame regarding his self but was changed by self-confident, pride and later racial supremacy. The evidences provided by the author regarding the thesis are quite convincing. His arguments regarding the rapid and dynamic changes in the American Negro society have been based on close observations and studies of the Negro of that time and provide sound evidence regarding the thesis of the article.Works CitedThe New Negro Heath Anthology of American Literature. Vol. D

The research method

The seek orderAbstractThis article is a summary of the re await mode, authoritative Review. in that respect argon four facet s, a short introduction of the authoritative analyse, including the features, the steps of the methodology, the discussion of well-nigh steps , and the conclusion from the above investigation and some shot for the domineering review. Introduction on that point argon several kinds of research methods, and each of them has their own features and function to use to fit their research design. For instance, Pavlovs dog, a classic behavioral experiment, scientist design a situation in the laboratory and try hard to control the varieties to find the answer of the hypothesis. However, in some conditions, experimental design shipway may not so appropriate in using to the program, for example, if the research is aimed to collation the finds of some others nurture burdens, tried to find an answer that is adaptive to every arguments, and then dictatorial review method will be a good choice to use up.Systematic review method, which aims to combine, comp ars, or did a synthesis to the research outcomes. There are deuce reasons to use the method, one is that the limitation of traditional review, and the other is the added power brought by the synthesis of multiple studies. Its different from the review, which is try to combine 2 or more researches in a given topic, as it comes to systematic review, its more specific, detailing, morphological under the topic. Otherwise, meta-analysis method is also used in systematic review study sometimes, but its just a part of the method, or a kind of skills, they are not the selfsame(prenominal) affair, compared to meta-analysis, systematic review essence qualitative and quantitative outcomes. Instead, meta-analysis research is a specific statistical strategy to assess the review outcomes.Its useful that systematic reviews has some advantages and surmount some childbed in some way, just care, on that point are some limitations in traditional review, for instance, the narrative reviews may just describe the literatures but not so strategy and structural, SR can improve the power of the question through the evidences from the studies, and it can summaries the available information in a more structural way. regularityAccording to the Handoll and Smiths collection of the systematic review, they point out the process which is general guideline to analysis this research method, prenomen, protocol, sources, search strategy, scope and filtering the literature, collecting and extracting the entropy, assessing the gauge of studies, meta-analysis, presentation, discussing the review findings, and drawing the conclusion. First, the title, its necessary that a specific and clear definition of topic or question to process systematic review. Clear definition can not only alleviate research workers ensure the worth of the question, but also avoid the duplication and checking the realistic and achievable, If the propose is specific and explicit, the strategy of the source researching work big businessman be easier than unclear theme. Then, protocol. To let the final outcome achieve the researchers goal in the systematic review method of the research, protocol play an important part in select the literature or references, that is, depending on the researchers need on their studies, to include or exclude what they need or whats the most important to the research, and in the protocol, experiment methods also is a great point in the literature selected, for instance, now the topic is depression and commit suicide, whats the of import factor associate these two items?, that is, the methodology in this topic might be trying to find out the references that include the correlative statistic skills or so on to discover the blood between depression and suicidal behavior. Source, identifying sources will be the next step after formulate the protocol. The main purpo se of the systematic review is to help to turn over a clinical decision base on the evidence picks, so when the researchers consider about the database of the references, maybe some medical databases, like MEDLINE and CINAHL(medical, health, and nursing databases), Cancerlit(subject databases), and Cochrane Library(databases of reviews), and so on. The above-mentioned databases might be helpful when researchers required. There are other ways to search the data pools, through keywords, like the author name whose research theme is fitting of the researchers, or some relative institutions that their job is appropriate to the topic, like if the topic is about the wellbeing of prevalent life to the women with breast cancer, researcher might can find the reference in the local hospital databases or find it from the breast cancer center. Next, search strategy, as there talked before, search strategy rely on a specific topic. When the clear propose shows out, researchers can distinct abo ut what should be included or what should be excluded. electron orbit and filtering the literature, as researchers define an explicit question, the work of literature selecting become easier. To ensure the domination of the reviews is corrected reviewers have to define more detail about the topic, like the demography, language, specific intervention and so on. Collecting and extracting the data, followed the question the researchers have, collecting relate articles and thinking about the title, methods of the articles, extracting these items directly. Cochrane Collaboration will be useful when researchers collecting and extracting the data. Next, assessing the quality of studies, after collecting the data, the steps follow it is that reading. To focus on emphasis on the part of the studies that researchers think its suitable for the topic, reading the studies play an important role. The articles are chose for increasing the validity of the study conclusion and these resources must relate tightly to the question. However, a checklist must be helpful in assessing the studies, to prevent the situation that some important information missed or ignored. Meta-analysis, to integrate all the data, researchers needs the statistical strategy to comprehensive the literature. As the suggestion from Mulrow, statistical analysis is to add-on the power and precision of estimates of treatment effect and exposure risk. There are two points of meta-analysis method has to remember, one is noted if the result of the studies expressed the effect measure, the other is that if the literatures relevant each other to make a meaningful estimate. Presentation the result from meta-analysis processing or the reviews should include some points, like, followed the review questions, the conclusions base on the evidence, and the quality of the evidence. Either the result from meta-analysis, presentation also including reviewed evidence in computer-searchable format. Some figures or comparati ve tables also can make good help in presenting the outcomes of the studies. Figures or tables will let the reviews clear and structural in the systematic review.Here comes to the final facet of the systematic review, discussing the review findings and drawing conclusion, researchers in the final part have to express their comments and summary of their finding in the whole program, and the limitation of the study or whats the vista of the future research. DiscussionThe main important question should follow the P.I.C.O. rule, which is, P means population, the question should include the particular participants, it cannot be general. I represents intervention, there must be an independent protean to operate the study, followed the intervention to search the resources. C is the comparison, just like experiment, which also have control group and main concerned group. O means outcome, the title should include the expect from the researchers like the hypothesis, for example, researchers may suppose a situation that after intervention what will happen, like increase some behaviors or change magnitude the blood pressure after specific coping skill. There is a journal that use the systematic review method, the title is Clinical and cost-effectiveness of new and rising technologies for localized prostate cancer a systematic review., the population of this study is the patient with prostate cancer, the intervention is that the new and emerging technologies, the compare group is the normal people or the patient with the prostate cancer still treated in traditional way, and the outcome is directed by the clinical and cost-effectiveness(S. Hummel, S. Paisley, at al. 2003).When it comes to select the literature that good to the reviewers, the Jadad Scale may be a better way to help researchers in selecting the literatures. There are three questions content in this scoring system, Was the study randomized/appropriate?, Was the study double blind/ appropriate?, Description of attrition rates?, all of the three questions are 5 points scale, the level of the scoring higher the best of the choice, it represent that the literature has the value to use in the study. There is another point of the research have to concern, that is, if the evidences are homogeneity or heterogeneity, homogeneity evidences are going to increase the power of the main question, but the heterogeneity studies will make some problems to the research purpose.There are some useful tools for completing a systematic review, one is the PRISMA, which whole name is Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, the PRISMA statement consist of a check list to let the researchers arrive the purpose of their study. The Cochrane Collaboration, the aim of the institution is for the medical evidences based and improving the health care system, and for researchers who want to do systematic reviews. There are introduction of the systematic review and the process of the method, researchers also can consist a group from the institution to do a same topic for collecting the data. ConclusionsSystematic review method, as known as overview, is different from traditional review and meta-analysis method. Systematic review is more rigorous and structural to synthesis the studies than narrative review, and compared to meta-analysis, this method includes both qualitative and quantities research styles, but meta-analysis is more concern about the statistical methodological way to combine the data or the studies, in the other hand, meta-analysis research can be isolated but also see it as a part of the systematic review, curiously when the research is needed to use the quantities way to proceed the study.Compared to other experimental design, Systematic review method has its own predominance, for example, if it is a long-term plan, like the study of the expression variation of disease from the primary stage to the end with Alzheimers patient, it may take a long time and cost lots of money to do the research, however, if use the systematic review to do the research, there may not so much disburse. Following the program of doing the systematic review, researchers can find that this method can not only produce a structural protocol, but also include all the information that reviewers required. The most important point of the systematic review is the question from the reviewer, as previously mentioned, the P.I.C.O. rule is followed by the researchers to start a research in this method, and as the article release, a specific and bank bill question will play an important role in the whole study, because it will effect the direction of the purpose, and the aspect of the literature collecting. As previously presented, there are some institutions for helping researchers doing the systematic review, like the Cochrane Collaboration, based on the purpose of improving the health care system or medical state, providing the resource to the researchers to st udy, which has evolved to help prepare, maintain, and disseminate the use in systematic review with health relate research. The Campbell Collaboration is also the institution for assisting reviewers in systematic review, the purpose of them is quasi(prenominal) with the Cochrane Collaboration, also based on the evidence to clarify what helps or harms. The other similar institution is Joanna Briggs institute, and its also a place for supporting and promoting researchers in systematic review. They are working in the dominant of nursing, medical and allied health researchers, clinicians, academics and quality management.According to the article from Cook at al. in 1997, the future of the method may be improve the researchs quality and the value, presentation formats will more user-friendly for the providers and patients. Make the connection more strongly between systematic reviews outcome and the clinical decisions.ReferenceBerkeley Systematic Reviews Group. Restricted from http//www. medepi.net/meta/PRISMA, TRANSPARENT REPORTING of SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS and META-ANALYSES. Restricted fromhttp//www.prisma-statement.org/index.htmTHE CAMPBELL COLLABORATION. Restricted fromhttp//www.campbellcollaboration.org/systematic_reviews/index.phpThe Cochrane Collaboration. Restricted fromhttp//www.cochrane.org/index.htmCritical Review Advisory Group. Introduction to Systematic Reviews. School for Health And Related Research(ScHARR). 1996.Deborah J. Cook, Cynthia D. Mulrow, R. Brian Haynes. Systematic Reviews Synthesis of Best Evidence FOR clinical Decisions. Annals of Internal Medicine. 126(5), 376-380(1997).H.H.G. Handoll, A.F. Smith. How to perform a systematic review. Current anesthesia Critical Care. 15, 227-234(2004).S. Hummel, S. Paisley, A. Morgan at al.. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of new and emerging technologies for early localized prostate cancer a systematic review, Health Technology Assessment, 7(33)(2003).S. Green. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis. capital of Singapore Med J. 46(6), 270-274(2005).

Causes of Diversity in Organisms

Causes of Diversity in OrganismsIn order to discuss why living organisms are so versatile it is firstly important to discuss what multifariousness actually is. By dictionary definition bio vicissitude, the diversity of living organisms, is the variety of plant and animal life in the world or a particular habitat.(Compact Oxford English Dictionary, 2003 revised edition). However in 1992 the definition was clarified for scientific purposes by the United Nations Earth meridian in Rio de Janeiro. It defined biodiversity as the variability among living organisms from all sources, including inter alia, ter biderial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part this includes diversity within species, diversity between species and of ecosystems.(www.urbanecology.org.au/wikipedia) From this definition we fire split biodiversity into three separate groups intra-species and inter-species diversity as well as diversity between ecosystems.Intra-spe cies diversity can be due to two things an acquired adaptation or a genetic adaptation. Organisms that ease up adapted to their surroundings are efficient in maintaining the rudiments in the continuation of the species e.g. the ability to obtain water, food and nutrients. Other examples are the ability of the organism to reproduce, or cope with varying physical conditions such as heat and light intensity and respond to any of these switchs in their environments.Acquired adaptations are those in which the species changes in order to adapt to a change in the environment with fall out any change in genetics e.g. a mutation. An example is the long cope in a giraffe. It is agreed that giraffes have a long neck because long necked giraffes have coped with their environment better then short necked giraffes. They have mated more successfully and now all giraffes have long necks due to the continual mating of long necks and without a mutation occurring.Genetic adaptations are much more complex. They occur from a mutation in the DNA which has al number oneed one member of the species to be more successful than the rest. This advantage has allowed them to expire and mate, passing on the trait to the next generation, which will also survive while the others die out. Since one in ein truth ten meg genes mutate there are many different types of mutations that can occur. A replenishment is where a single base changes from one form to another e.g. from AGG to AGC. An insertion is when an extra base is added into the sequence meaning a change in the codon triplets for the rest of the chain. A deletion is when a section of DNA is lost completely again changing the codon triplets. The change in the codon triplets which results in a complete change in the proteins produced is termed a Frameshift.Most mutations would lead to the death any offspring the organism may produce, as the mutation will inhibit the production of springy proteins. Some mutations however are benef icial to the organism, allowing it to gain an advantage over others and survive while the others die out. An example of this would be E. Coli. adaptation to high and low temperatures. E. Coli. was cultured for 2000 generations at 37C, the internal body temperature of Humans, where E. Coli. is most active. Three E. Coli. were then taken from this sample and one cultured at 32C, the second at 37C and the terce at 42C. The bare-assed cultures where then compared to the older one by forcing them to compete with one another. It was found that the sample cultured at 32C was 10% fitter than the original(it out competed it by 10%) and that the culture grown at 42C was 20 % fitter then the original. This experiment showed that new, beneficial mutations are capable of adapting to new environments in as little as 2000 generations.(Bennet, A.F., Lenski, R.E., Mittler, J.E.(1992). Evolutionary adaptation to temperature I. Fitness responses of Escherichia coli to changes in its thermal environm ent. Evolution, 4616-30.)These mutations can occur in many ways. Recombination is the formation of a new allele combination in a gamete, and new allele combinations lead to a mutation. It results from the swapping of genes at the chiasmata. This is where the chromatids are able to swap over, however it is a very delicate procedure as not a single difference in nucleotides can occur or frameshifting would occur. Independent assortment is the process of arbitrarily pairing chromosomes to produce the widest variety of gametes possible during fertilisation. This increases the likelihood of an unusual pairing occurring which may turn out to be beneficial to the species. This may combine with chromosomal swaps to massively increase variation in species.Outbreeding is when the species breeds with similar species from a different habit, to produce an offspring with the characteristics of both parents. The species from the new habitat may be loathly to diseases the original can not fight, or the old species may be able to survive conditions the new can not. When these mate, both of the new positive traits can be passed on, creating a stronger species than before, that can inhabit new environments. Gene flow is the term for the transfer of genes from one population to another.Once all these mutations have occurred it becomes a case of survival of the fittest. If a disease comes along that kills most of the population, but not those that have mutated, then the mutated individuals will breed, creating a stronger version of the species than before. The weakest die and the strongest survive, notwithstanding if this means 99% of the population dies to leave the few that have mutated. Over time the population will reach its former size, with every individual patient of to the disease. This decreases the gene pool but allows the species to survive and create a new gene pool which will grow.From this example it is clear that the environment in which the organisms live contr ols the diversity. For example, if land forms and splits up a species into two different locations, then the two will evolve separately and form different characteristics. An example of this is Darwins Finches. These are 14 different, but closely related, species of finches. They are located on the Galapagos Islands and were discovered by Charles Darwin on his voyages. The Galapagos islands are very new islands, formed only 5 million years ago by volcanic action. A species of finch has inhabited each island, evolving from a single ancestor which would have landed on the original volcanic protrusion from the sea. Darwin noticed that each species of finch had evolved separately from the others, developing distinct features to cope with the different environments e.g. beak shape or length, depending on food available on the island.(Galapagosonline.com)

Rotating Wall Vessel Bioreactor

Rotating W squ be Vessel BioreactorAbstractRecently there be signifi finisht step of research work undergoing about compel from raw stuff engineering science science and bioreactor designing. Therefore, there argon so may research paper published around the world. It may enjoyment embryonic base of operations cubicle, mesenchymal bag cubicle, meander graft or other animal spaces tissues or carrel for civilizement of human and animal medicine treatment. In that case there should be any(prenominal) ethics and laws to control the usage of the tissue or stall in the medical treatment. Some government organizations and hole-and-corner(a) sector by independently or by joining do some research work about the tissue engineering and bioreactor designing. The cardiovascular constitution is the major disease problem in the human and animal medicine treatment. In recent decade there are cellphone and tissue engineering and the bioreactor designing involving treating the car diovascular disease educate. Researchers may try to develop marrow valve, wall and blood vas etc. Hole in the warmheartedness is labyrinthian congenital heart diseases, in new born babies and leading causes of mortality. The treatment of this kind of the cardiovascular disease yet performed surgery correction, the real painful by and by the surgery at tolerate by baby. When correcting the hole, that must(prenominal) draw closed priggishly otherwise it lead to another problem to the young one, but amount of the diameter of the hole is very(prenominal) difficult and correction also very difficult. In the recent decade there is stem cell therapy and the tissue engineering has rapidly demonstrable. By utilize stem cell and tissue finishing there are so m both researches and development of the treatment about cardiovascular system. Myocardial tissue engineering actual the heart tissue by using the stem cells in trey-dimensional matrices of biodegradable polymers sustai n is the innovation of the myocardial constructs and cardiovascular treatment.IntroductionThe heart is the most important organs in the human body. It transports blood to the organs, tissues, and cells of the body. Blood delivers oxygen and nutritiouss to every cell and removes the carbon dioxide and negate crossings excreted by those cells. A Holes in the Heart is an opening in the septum amid atria or ventricles of heart, this is congenital condition. 8-10/1000 live born babies has congenital defects in the heart. This condition occurred during the babys heart does not develop inside the womb no specific cause for this condition, but some increase risk of being born. If mother had German measles or toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, or if she has diabetes, or if someone else in her family was born with a heart complaint. A hole in the heart may be give awayd in the first few months of life or even before the baby is born, sometimes a hole is not found until a person is much old er. This often happens when the hole is between the upper chambers of heart. It may notice person are feeling a bit short- channel of breath and dont know why. But sometimes there are no complaints at all. Because of the hole, the lead of blood through the heart is abnormal. This crystallises noises in the heart, so a bear on can find the hole by listening to the heart with a stethoscope. If the doctor hears a murmur, this tells the doctor there could be a hole. If the doctor thinks there is a hole, person exit need an echocardiogram ultrasound test of heart. Sometimes the hole isnt found until a person is much older when they notice they are feeling tired and breathless and cant find a reason for it. Some holes are so small that they cause no problem and are left altogether. Some holes in small babies may close by themselves if the heart surgeon thinks this is wish wellly, he al junior-gradeer-ranking not close it immediately, but arrest for some time to see if it has c losed by itself, by repeating an echo. Other holes must be closed, either because they are already a problem, or because they leave alone cause a problem in the future.There are three different typesAtrial Septal Defect (ASD) this is a hole in the wall between the atria (interatrial septum). This causes more blood to flow to the lungs and may not have any symptoms the excess flow can damage the lungs. If the hole is small, and doesnt presume the function of heart, theres no need to reinstate it.Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) this is a hole in the interventricular septum or wall between two reject chambers (RV and LV). If its large, can change the mechanics in heart. This makes the heart work harder than it should and can enlarge it. If the hole is small, and doesnt affect the function of heart, theres no need to fix it.Atrioventricular Septal Defect this is a large hole in the middle of heart between the atria and ventricles. Some people with this condition only have one valve between the atria and ventricles instead of two. This defect can also damage the lungs by allowing too much blood to flow to the lungs. Although this condition is uncommon, t can be found in babies born with Downs syndrome.VSDs are the commonest lesion about 25-30% of all congenital heart defects whereas ASD are about 5-8% of them. Another point to remember is that all of us are born with small ASD. However, VSD is never found in normal heart. The only treatment availablewas surgical closure. Though the ultimate out off tick was good, these children had to inevitably suffer the pain, scar and long hospital stay. There are two ways to do this. The first way is via an operation called catheterisation. This is when a cardiologist puts a tube into leg that goes up towards heart. Then put a device through that tube so that it fits into the hole. When its in the right place, the device opens equal a little umbrella, and blocks the hole. The device stays inside forever. This is not poss ible, because of the size, shape or position of the hole. In these more complicated situations, a surgeon will perform an operation where he puts a patch over the hole directly. If holes have between the two pump chambers of the heart that stay open, will need antibiotic treatment at certain times. This might be before having other operations or serious treatment at the dentist. some perseverings who have ASD/VSD corrections go on to lead perfectly normal lives. Person will be followed-up for a short period, but if everythings OK after a year, wont need to worry about it ever again. It also doesnt increase the chances of having any other heart-related issues in the future but should take secureness exercise and aim for a healthy diet. After correction of the hole in the heart there are low risk for structural degeneration, thrombo-embolism and endocarditis and growth latent for paediatric patient. From 1970s onwards, a group of cardiologists started thinking differently. They exp erimented on animals by creating holes in their hearts and then tried closing them without surgery. Gradually they replicated the whole procedure on humans. For the last twenty years, nonsurgical closure or device closure has been the normal.Adult life heart muscle cells do not proliferate, if there is damage or injuries happened to the heart, functional tissue try to form the non-functional scar tissue. In 1996, 98 Klug et al. Suggest that development of human Embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes help for therapy of cardiac disease.There are some experiments done by using stem cells. Stem cells are the cell ability for self-renewal and the potential for differentiating into senesce cell types. The embryonic stem cells can give rise to almost every mature cell type, while adult stem cells are classified as restricted to differentiation into only few types of mature cells. The mesenchymal stem cell can only differentiate to one specific mature cell type, are referred to as pre cursor cells. First clinical applications of stem cells for cardiac regeneration comprised cell transplantation trials. These trials were less successful than promising preclinical studies these efforts initiated intense research activities providing new insight into the mechanisms of tissue growth and differentiation. Cardiac tissue engineering is focused on three different organ subunits the myocardium, valves, and vessels. These three compounds of the heart can already be replaced by artificial or biological transplant constructs with their respective limitations, like assist devices, commercial heart valves, autologous coronary bypasses, etc. When growing the heart tissue must contemplate produced cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cell and the smooth muscles cell. Engineering these tissues must compete with the durability, expertness and safety of existing substitutes and be affordable at the same time. Tissue engineering is the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ, includes an in vitro.During designing of bioreactor, physiochemical environs maintain is very impotent, that will help to kept high school quality of the stem cells and high percentage point of reproducibility of the cells. But must make sure cell culture has developed under sterile environment and sufficient nutrition and waste product exchange throughout the medium and clean and maintain the medium. After that, design some mechanical and hydrodynamic force to compression or expansion of the developing tissue, like rob stress to the tissue. Then maintain steady flow of media in pulsatile manner and reduce the excessive turbulence in the fluid flow rate. Other than that, must provide the low volume capacity for effective use for growth factors and medium, also select the fabricate material compatible with the heart tissue or stem cell. The bioreactor designing for heart tissue development must determine some specifi c design and functional requirement. Both biomechanical and biochemical factors affect the growth of the cell therefore essential to create some control mechanism by stimulate the physiological environment for heart cell growth, like pulsatile forces, pressure, flow rate, compression, expansion, shear stress, frequency, stroke rate and stroke volume. Other than that, when creating heart tissue must consider cardiac flow rate and pressure. When consider the design the bioreactor, there are nutrition, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste product, pH, temperature and humidity are main important biochemical controls affect the growth of the cell. There than the flow rate, volume, shear stress, pressure, resistance and compliance like biomechanical controls also involved in the cell growth. Therefore, specific bioreactors are need for the growth of the stem cell. Because inside the body, cells are incessantly stimulated by mechanical, electrical and chemical signals, these influencing their be haviour. In fact, biological tissues adapt their structure and composition to surrounding specific and functional demands. By putting cells alone or only in contact with materials in culture medium is not enough to obtain a functional tissue. In vivo, the heart valves are subject to a unique combination of mechanical stimuli, including flexure, shear stress, and tension (Vesely and Boughner 1989). In growth of the embryonic stem cells require temperature, partial(p) pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, and shear force and biochemical conditions of their micro- and macro-environment. Then try to find homogeneous and changeless conditions for micro- and macro-environment for the entire cells population. By uneven cell distribution, leave out of nutrition and oxygen and insufficient extracellular matrix production cause some limitation to bioreactor scaffold in stem cell culture. Therefore, get unloosen of those must make to stem cell onto polymers, which wil l increase the mechanical strength of the heart tissue construction and develop subsequent tissue formation.To develop a bioreactor to provide cyclic flexural stimulation, to demonstrate the operation of the bioreactor and sterility maintenance and to evaluate the effects of unidirectional flexure on the effective stiffness of bioresorbable polymeric scaffolds which have been used extensively in the tissue engineering of the heart tissue. Therefore, must design the devices for closed controlled environment in which biological and/or biochemical attendes are developed maintained pH, temperature, pressure, nutrient supply and waste removal, with high degree of reproducibility of the heart valve. Therefore, bioreactors are particularly crucial for the regeneration of intricate 3D tissues. The bioreactor was designed using 3D software. The structural element of the device was machined from polysulfone chosen for its excellent thermal and chemical stability and abrasion-resistant acry lic which provides good opthalmic transparency. Culture medium was Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium with 4.5 g/L glucose and L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Antibiotics were excluded to assess the intrinsic ability of the bioreactor to maintain sterility. When developing scaffold use the degradable material and permanent materials as in artificial implants and in use of cells. Then preparing scaffold must test in vitro and in vivo how they hypotheses of scaffold and cell interaction, scaffold effect on tissue growth and 3D environment effect on stem cell differentiation. Scaffold materials consisted of a non-woven profits of polyglycolic acid(PGA) fibers dip-coated with poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB), and a non- woven, 5050 blend, mesh of PGA and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) fibers dip-coated with P4HB. The PGA and PGA/PLLa scaffold had an approximate fiber diameter of 0.012-0.015 mm and density of 69mg/ml. Rectangular scaffold sample were delete to size (approxi mately 257.5x2mm) and dipped briefly into a solution of P4HB in tetrahydrofuran (1% wt/vol), resulting in a P4HB coating following solvent evaporation. P4HB is a bioresorbable thermoplastic that allows for scaffold to be moulded into any shape. Scaffold were cold gas sterilized with ethylene oxide prior to use.The use of bioreactors, chambers which provide the flow of nutrient media for the development and culture of heart valves construct, to provide an environment which as closely as possible mimics the natural in vivo conditions. These bioreactors have been designed for pulsatile flow, driven by a pulsatile pump, which leads to the exertion of only a positive pressure. This is not the case in vivo, as during the cardiac cycle the positive pressure exerted by fluid force is slightly counterbalanced by a little vacuum. Stem cells grow in vitro under bioreactor conditions must provide the nutrient and they produced the nitrogen contain waste product, but they refined to the nitroge nated waste product. This will be varying with the tissue and that will change the shear stresses effecting on the tissue. The oxygen pressure is maintained at set unending value with calculated volume of solution added every time to the medium. Other way round maintained the carbon dioxide pressure at set constant value with calculated volume of waste product upstage from the medium. Oxygen is most important nutrients for cells in all aerobic metabolic cycles. It is the limiting nutrient in successful tissue growth in vitro, sufficient amounts of oxygen to the surface of the cells mainly because of the poor solubility of oxygen in culture media. In that case hypo-oxygen or hyper-oxygen stresses will be concern the stem cell culture causes of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Therefore, coordinate the stem cell for the anaerobiotic cell metabolism with low oxygen tension (40 mmHg) and low pH or for aerobic cell metabolism with higher oxygen tension (80mmHg) and high pH. Then li ving tissue is sensitive to pH changes in the medium, during maintain of the oxygen level must maintain the pH also. Other than that glucose and lactate are providing to cell metabolic process. Therefore, they act as the indicator for cells activity.In the bioreactor environment stem cell proliferates and increased the mass that leads the limitation of the final size of the tissue grow. Other than that, there are spaces to pass oxygen and nutrient throughout the scaffold otherwise this also leads to limitation of the tissue growth. Therefore, bioreactor must design to proper diffusion of oxygen and the nutrient and mass proliferation cell will survive and proliferate within 150-200m distance.Shear stress will affect the tissue culture growth, most of the stem cell responds to it. They are proliferating according the orientation of the flow direction. In that case stem cell can aggregates by using higher shear stress that can be used for tissue function and viability. If design the r otating bioreactor that can decrease the shear stress and avoids the contact between the cells and the wall of the bioreactor, chamber must permanently rotate with one direction and control to forming uniformed growth of the tissue. But if design the non-rotating bioreactor then must create the specific mechanical stress applied on the cell culture, by perfusion solution can passed through the cell tissues by flow through the culture chamber. Some experiments were demonstrated that the shears stress 0.1 dyn/cm2 was ideal for stem cell to growth. If that exceeds the shears stress 1 dyn/cm2 were damaged the cells and the shears 0.01 dyn/cm2 were insufficient to promote the growth.Bioreactors have developed functional heart tissue in vitro environment over specific biochemical and physical signals known to regulate cell differentiation, by up(p) the formation of the heart tissue by proving uniformed mixing pattern, transported the nutrient to enhance the cell growth and hydrodynamic or mechanical stimulation for stem cell to develop. Simple passive flasks or a magnetically stirred flask is not suitable environment for 3-dimensional heart tissue scaffolds to develop. To develop the terminal possible homogeneous cell number for heart tissue, must grow the cell with uniform and efficient of porous scaffolds. When compare the cells seeding into mixed petri dishes yield with the static loading of the cell into the scaffolds has thicker constructs and more spatially uniformed distribution of cells. By seeding in rotating vessels or mixed flask must maintain a uniformed suspension of isolated cells and provide a relative velocity between cells and the scaffold during seeding. Dynamic seeding using mixed flasks will show to achieve seeding efficiencies draw near 100% but led to cell densities higher at the scaffold periphery. Therefore, when design bioreactor must provide the scaffold perfusion with a cell suspension in alternate directions, which lead to the more h omogenous seeding on a variety of scaffold with potential yield. Once the cells are associated with the scaffold, cell-polymer constructs can be cultured in bioreactors applying specific regimes of fluid flow.Selecting rotation wall vessels bioreactorThe bioreactors are used for proliferation of cells on a small or large scale, to generate 3D tissue constructs, a certain process must occur. That case the cells are proliferated in a bioreactor to provide the quantity of cells needed. The cell loses their specialized characteristics during the process of proliferation is the problem. Therefore, microcarrier culture used for improves cell expansion significantly and that mixed the bioreactor system well. After the cell proliferation they must associate with enhanced heart tissue formation. In above process cells must receive proper nutrition and a stable environment. There for controlled the temperature, optimum pH, sufficient substrate, water, salts, vitamins, and oxygen. The Rotating -wall vessel culture is the best bioreactor for culturing constructs stained intensely, and homogeneously for scaffold for their cross-section(a) area. Inside the bioreactor a dynamic flow generated by a rotating fluid environment is an alternative and efficient way to reduce diffusion limitations of nutrients and wastes. The rotation produced the low level of the shear stress to the cells, creating mechanical stimulation. Other than that, there are other mechanical forces that affect the cells during growth, like mechanical compression, hydrodynamic pressure, and fluid flow. They will affect the magnitude, frequency, and duty of the bioreactor cycle.To control the free-falling state adjusted the rotation speed, it protects the fragile tissue by decreasing the shear stress and avoiding the contact between cells and the walls of the bioreactor. During nineties NASA scientist did some research about the microgravity involved in to the cell tissue of the mammals. They used the closed tubular cylinder forms the systems cell culture chamber, which filled with a liquid medium where the cell grows on micron-size beads. The chamber has rotated along the horizontal axis in that case they allowed the cell to develop in an environment like the free fall of microgravity. They supply oxygen and nutrition through a porous wall in the chamber, as same way they removed the waste product and the carbon dioxide. The rotating wall vessel bioreactor is providing the conditions of weightlessness for microbes by growing them inside of a slow downly rotating liquid-filled chamber. The process of the rotation liquid has counteracted with slow sedimentation of the cell by creating a constant free fall of the cells through the culture medium. While rotation cell gets a slight issue stress from liquid, lead to avoid the flattened on the bottom of the container. The scientist used the clear shell for allowed to check growth and cylindrical filter holds on the reduce for supply the ox ygen and nutrition and removed the carbon dioxide and waste products. And, they insure the fluid rotation without shear stress would leads to destroy the cells. They noticed rotation vessels did not cancelled the gravity, but that maintain the cells in continual free fall environment inside the shell.Bioreactors for the application of physical forces to engineered cartilage tissues. In the rotating wall vessel system (A), the rotational speed is adjusted so that the drag force of the medium (Fd) is balanced by the centrifugal (Fc) and gravitational (Fg) forces. The constructs are thus maintained in a tumble-slide regime and the resulting dynamic laminar flow enhances the production and accumulation of cartilaginous extracellular matrix. Specific culture chambers (B) have been developed for the application of direct deformation to engineered constructs. Chambers include wells to allocate tissue constructs (I), a magnetic bar for medium stirring (II), an inlet/ takings port for medium change (III), a cover lid to maintain sterility (IV), and micrometer screws to accurately establish the contact position between the plungers and from each one specimen (V).The cell seeding is effects of shaking speed and initial cell concentration in suspension on cell culture medium, therefore cell seeding must do in efficiency. In that case initial seeding density and cell distribution within the scaffolds must understand. Initially cell concentration is low, in that time seeding efficiency and initial density will decreased with increasing shaking speed. But high initial cell concentration that will end the result. All the different cell concentration uniformity of the cell distribution decreased with increased shaking speed. But under the same shaking volume were observed with on significant differences in uniformity between cells with different initial concentration. In vitro the tissue engineering of heart tissue structures is to develop combine cell seeding and perfusio n system. Cell seeding is consisting of whole system, that incorporated into the perfusion system and air-driven respirator pump connected to the bioreactor. Therefore, cell culture medium is closed-loop system that will continuously circulate. Therefore, scientist developed a cell seeding device for static and dynamic seeding of vascular cells onto a polymeric vascular scaffold and a closed-loop perfuse bioreactor for long term vascular conditioning. By using cell seeding chamber can be easily connected to the bioreactor, which have combines continuous pulsatile perfusion and mechanical stimulation to the tissue -engineered conduct. In that scientist adjust the stroke volume, the stroke rate, and inspiration/ expiration time of the ventilator allow various pulstile flows and different levels of pressure.DiscussionWhen selecting of the scaffold consider the biocompatibility, reproducibility, biodegradability, ability to be refined to complex shapes, ability to support cell growth an d proliferation and mechanical properties of materials. Other than that, scaffolds must have similar electrical and functional activity with create systolic force. The limited availability of the incubator space the place where the multiple bioreactors place, in this space multiple bioreactors must be places. Development of the stem cell is temperature depended process, any cells grow at body temperature in optimal level therefore temperature must maintain in that level as possible. The bioreactor design must set the temperature parameter to monitor the temperature. If inside temperature changes by increased or decreased then that must alarm on, then it can adjust manually.Sterility is very important throughout the development of the heart tissue. We used flask and glass vessels with threaded fitting, which is cheap and proved to maintain perfect sterility. To reduce the risk of contamination, make sure all connections before sterilisation and sterilize bottles with correction solut ions connected to the vessel, by using either alcohol or stem. The tubing can be placed into the pump head easily after the sterilization. Because contamination of the medium lead to the growth of the heart tissue. Therefore, bioreactor must develop as a semi-closed system. book the small cell culture medium all the time, easy replace the balance amount of the cell culture medium for requirement created by cell seeded as soon as possible. If require in addition to that easy seeding of the additional cells. Maintain the oxygen level in the medium is very essential therefore, reassure the amount of the oxygen in the medium is enough for the development of the stem cells. When we maintain the pH level in the medium that passively adjust oxygen level in the medium, by enrich the medium with CO2 level up to 5%. The biocompatible substances must use when the designing process of the bioreactor, those substance will not kill the stem cell during the tissue growth. There are many analytic p arameters, those must monitor regularly with some sensory methods to alarm if there are any changes occur in the media and correct it manually. Any design bioreactor can have ability to experiment several(prenominal) times with longer period. If there are any alternations, like change the cell culture medium with ingredients needed or changer scaffold materials change those and can perform the process easily. By using roller pump can sucks the cell culture medium from the bioreactor, which leads to stress of the scaffold. This help to stem cell growth towards the heart tissue.This bioreactor must use inside the hospital, for treat each of the hole in the heart patient therefore this must produce low cost heart tissue for the patient. Other than that, there should be very low laboratory involvement and convince for patient and the surgeon. When using this kind of tissue engineering think some social highlight that affect the both quality and quantity of the life. Some religious backg round this technology is some pitiful for the life, ethical concern there are some extent to do those kinds of experiment. But medical point of view this is the good solution for treatment of the patient without suffering. In that case be careful of handling with stem cell and other, that will lead to caused critical threat to handler.ConclusionsThe developed bioreactor has set sterility at least week, with working tool for conducting experiments regarding heart tissue growth. The growth of the heart tissue helps to develop entire heart, which can helpful to many heart diseases. pabulum concentration must keep in mind when performing the bioreactor process. When the time of the replacing the medium nutrition concentration must maintain, also try to asperse the number of time replacement the medium.AcknowledgmentI would like to thank Professor Alicia El Haj, Dr. Nicholas R. Forsyth and Dr. Ying Yang for their support and guidance in completing this study.I would like to special th ank Dr. Sun Tao for his support and guidance in completing this study.

Essay --

Final Portfolio Paul Mbanu English 1 Section 1906 16 December 2013 Table of Contents designation page for Learning letter 1 Learning letter (Letter to professor) . Title Page Genre Works ... Draft genre 1 (Movie Review on A few good men)............................................. Draft genre 2 (Presentation summary - the real deal about fast food)...................... Draft genre 3 (Poem)........................................................................................... Title page Research Paper ... Research paper . Appendix (Extra Credit).................................................................................... Learning LetterDear Prof Gill,For me, the beginning of this semester was stressful because of not conditioned what was to come my way, but now I feel like Ive overcome a few obstacles in this class I never cerebration possible, which is why I feel like I deserve at least a B. I feel this way because I bop I got far off track at the beginning of the semester but I fork up since then developed a sense of concentration and have furthermore improved my writing skills, which will show in my final research paper.Before I entered English 1 I had only a slight of knowledge in writing. It usually took me some time to write because I didnt really know how to be explanative properly or forthwith and I also had a hard time thinking about what I was going to write about. At first, the reading journals & writing exercises... ... initially receive a call of a possibly intoxicated man, who was later identified as Silva (Stuart). Two witnesses who recorded the beating on their cellphones say they were approached by the officers minutes after and demanded the cellphones. In the form of Civil disobedience, they initially did not give them the phones, claiming that they had no right to do so and that filming the cops is legal. The cops howe ver, were hell bent in getting those phones in fear of the truth coming out. Exercising their authority, the officers held the witnesses illegally for 8 hours and soon obtained a appropriate which allowed them to take the witnesses phones. At that point, it was possible that the cops may have deleted the footage. This is an example of how people from the system use their authority at the wrong times to serve themselves. Its our responsibility to firmly stand up

Education Philosophy Statement :: Teaching School Reflective Writing Essays

Education Philosophy Statement Websters dictionary defines the word educate as to develop and cultivate mentally or morally train instruct teach. I would like to be some atomic number 53 who educates because educators, or instructors, foster citizenry and have an influence over people. A teacher is someone who gets respect and is looked up to by others. I want to be a teacher because I want to be able to help people and make an impact on someones life. When I become a teacher, I want to have a neat and hospital attendant classroom. I want the children in my class to be comfortable and in the best environment for learning. When I seat the children, I want them to be sit confront my desk and the chalkboard so that it entrust be easier for them to pay attention and it will be easier for them to see what I am doing. I want to thrust the assimilators seating arrangement every few weeks so that the children will be exposed to all the other chi ldren in the classroom at one point. Hopefully, by switching the seats around often, it will discour ripen discrimination and let the children make new friends. The bulletin boards in my classroom will be bright and cheery colors so that the room will seem friendly and happy. On my bulletin boards I would like to have a schedule that shows each childs birthday for that month. As for the materials that will be in my classroom, I would like each child to have a blank plastic box with their name on it. These boxes will contain materials that the child may need such as scissors, crayons, markers, etc. These boxes will be laid on a shelf where the children will be able to reach them with permission. As for the projects that will take place in my classroom, they will be age appropriate. For example if I had older children, such as fourth graders, I might have a hamster cage in the classroom. Each spend I would send the hamster, cage, and food home with the student, granted I had permission from the parents, so they could care for the hamster and learn to have responsibility.Education Philosophy Statement inform School Reflective Writing Essays Education Philosophy Statement Websters dictionary defines the word educate as to develop and cultivate mentally or morally train instruct teach. I would like to be someone who educates because educators, or teachers, help people and have an influence over people. A teacher is someone who gets respect and is looked up to by others. I want to be a teacher because I want to be able to help people and make an impact on someones life. When I become a teacher, I want to have a neat and orderly classroom. I want the children in my class to be comfortable and in the best environment for learning. When I seat the children, I want them to be sitting facing my desk and the chalkboard so that it will be easier for them to pay attention and it will be easier for them to see what I am d oing. I want to switch the students seating arrangement every few weeks so that the children will be exposed to all the other children in the classroom at one point. Hopefully, by switching the seats around often, it will discourage discrimination and let the children make new friends. The bulletin boards in my classroom will be bright and cheery colors so that the room will seem friendly and happy. On my bulletin boards I would like to have a calendar that shows each childs birthday for that month. As for the materials that will be in my classroom, I would like each child to have a clear plastic box with their name on it. These boxes will contain materials that the child may need such as scissors, crayons, markers, etc. These boxes will be placed on a shelf where the children will be able to reach them with permission. As for the projects that will take place in my classroom, they will be age appropriate. For example if I had older children, such as fourth graders, I might have a hamster cage in the classroom. Each weekend I would send the hamster, cage, and food home with the student, granted I had permission from the parents, so they could care for the hamster and learn to have responsibility.